Abx Patho - Exam 1A Flashcards
bacteriostatic
medications that slow or inhibit bacterial growth
bactericidal
medications that kill bacteria
examples of super infections
candidiasis and C.diff
how to choose an abx
1)community vs hospital acquired
2)site of infection
3)suspected organism
when can we give abx before culture results
-pt failing
-meningitis
-severe sepsis
get culture before giving abx
minimum inhibitory concentration vs minimum bactericidal
inhib: lowest amount of drug to inhibit growth
bact: lowest amount of drug to kill
if a pt is older, would be expected a higher or lower dose
lower dose
nosocomial infection
infections that occur within a healthcare facility
MOA of inhibiting cell wall synthesis works how
inhibit -> weaken cell wall -> influx of fluid in the cell -> cell swells & bursts -> cell lysis & death
how does penicillin disrupt cell wall synthesis
inhibits transpeptidases which stabilize the cell wall -> activates autolysis
why is nafcillin the drug of choice for staph infections
it is resist to penicillanse enzyme which is present in staph and can breakdown other abx before therapeutic affect works
what does ceftaroline not treat
enterobacter, pseudomonas, ESBL & klebsiella
when should a peak be drawn
15-30 mins after a drug is given
when should a trough be drawn
immediately before next dose ~about 30 mins before admin time~
what drug causes red man syndrome
vancomycin
what drug would you not give to someone with bone pain / what drug would you stop if someone develops bone pain
ciprofloxacin
who is at highest risk for HIV
black men who have sex w/ men
what is a retrovirus
a type of virus that uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to translate its genetic information into DNA gets into the cell then tells DNA to make more of the HIV enzyme
patho of HIV/Aids
-cannot replicate outside of living host cell
-contains only RNA, no DNA
-destroys body’s ability to fight infection
-infects CD4 cells
HIV targets CD4 proteins on
T cells (long term immune memory), monocytes and macrophages
HIV integrase
a viral enzyme that brings HIV DNA into genetic material of infected cell
HIV protease
responsible for the virus particles that are released to attack, replicate and release more virus (final stage of virus production)
stage 1 HIV
-rapid replication
-no symptoms, not detectable yet
infectious
seroconversion (part of HIV stage 1)
-HIV antibodies are now detectable
-flu like symptoms
highly infectious
stage 2 HIV
-clinical latency: body is fighting infection (can do for years)
-asym or mild sym
rapid virus production during stage 2 HIV
body struggling to fight, persistent drop in CD4 cells & T cells
antivirals become less effective & viral load increases
stage 3 HIV
symptomatic HIV -> AIDS
HIV goal
high CD4, low viral loads
as CD4 lowers, viral load rises
aids defining conditions
-Kaposi’s sarcoma
-wasting syndrome
-invasive cervical cancers
-pervasive candidiasis
-pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
-HIV related encephalopathy
-mycobacterium TB
-aids dementia complex
what CD4 count is a dx of aids
<200 (w/ or w/o aids defining condition)
oral manifestations is very common in HIV, if symptoms occur and CD4 count is still >350, what does this mean for treatment
infection is increasing so need to reevaluate med doses and education patient on infection prevention
can HIV or CD4 cells cross the blood brain barrier
HIV
aids dementia complex
-poor concentration
-mental slowness/memory loss
-behavior changes
-difficulty finds words
-depression
-motor/speech/balance/visual probs
how is HIV transmitted
-sex w/o condom
-passed from mother to baby (2% if mom is treated, 30% if untreated)
-sharing injection equipment
-contaminated blood transfusions/transplants
how is HIV not transmitted
-kissing / hugging
-sharing food
-insect bites
-toilet seats
-bathing
-sneezing/coughs
-sweat
risky behaviors related to HIV transmission
-men having sex w/ men
-injection drug use
-heterosexual contact
-birth (perinatal transmission)
the higher the viral load,
the higher chance of spreading infection
post exposure prophylaxis
if exposed, take ART therapy for 28 days -> test immediately after exposure, 6 wks after exposure & then 12 weeks after exposure
