Speciation Flashcards

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1
Q

the process by which one species splits into two or more species

A

speciation

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2
Q

What does speciation do?

A

bridges microevolution & macroevolution

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3
Q

change in allele frequency in population over time

A

microevolution

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4
Q

broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level

A

macroevolution

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5
Q

a group of population whose members can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring

A

species

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6
Q

What does the biological species concept believe?

A

(1) gene flow holds populations together genetically
(2) reproductive isolation keeps species apart
(3) phenotypic similarities or differences don’t matter

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7
Q

when biological barriers impede 2 species from producing viable, fertile offspring

A

reproductive isolation

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8
Q

Types of reproductive isolation

A

pre-zygotic barriers & post-zygotic barriers

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9
Q

offspring of crosses between different species

A

hybrids

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10
Q

blocks fertilization by hindering mating or fertilization

A

pre-zygotic barriers

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11
Q

5 types of pre-zygotic barriers

A

(1) habitat isolation
(2) temporal isolation
(3) behavioral isolation
(4) mechanical isolation
(5) gametic isolation

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12
Q

Which type of pre-zygotic isolation deals with water versus land?

A

habitat

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13
Q

Which type of pre-zygotic isolation includes mating in the summer versus winter?

A

temporal

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14
Q

Which type of pre-zygotic isolation includes knowing mating rituals?

A

behavioral

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15
Q

Which type of pre-zygotic isolation is where the organisms are physically inhibited from mating?

A

mechanism

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16
Q

Which pre-zygotic isolation is where gametes cannot fuse?

A

gametic

17
Q

prevents the hybrid zygote form developing into a viable, fertile adult

A

post-zygotic barrier

18
Q

3 types of post-zygotic barriers

A

(1) reduced hybrid viability
(2) reduced hybrid fertility
(3) hybrid breakdown

19
Q

Which type of post-zygotic barrier is where the offspring have low fitness?

A

reduced hybrid viability

20
Q

Which type of post-zygotic barrier is where the number of chromosomes in parents affect the fertility of offspring?

A

reduced hybrid fertility

21
Q

Which type of post-zygotic barrier is where the offspring of hybrid are sterile?

A

hybrid breakdown

22
Q

What are the limitations to the biological species concept?

A

(1) cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms
(2) difficult to apply to allopatric population
(3) emphasizes absence of gene flow, but gene flow can occur between species

23
Q

populations that live in different geographic locations

A

allopatric

24
Q

groups species by structural features

A

morphological species concept

25
Q

groups species by ecological niche

A

ecological species concept

26
Q

groups species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree

A

phylogenetic species concept

27
Q

Types of speciation

A

allopatric & sympatric

28
Q

What are the mechanisms of allopatric speciation?

A

(1) populations are geographically isolated
(2) reproductive isolation arises by natural selection, genetic drift, or sexual selection
(3) ‘barriers’ depend on the organisms’ dispersal
(4) interbreeding is no longer possible even if contact is restored

29
Q

What are the mechanisms of sympatric speciation?

A

(1) populations live in the same geographic area
(2) they are in contact, but gene flow between theme is reduced

30
Q

How is gene flow reduced in sympatric selection?

A

polyploidy, natural selection, & sexual selection

31
Q

On average, how long does speciation last?

A

6.5 million years

32
Q

periods of no change punctuated by short bursts of rapid change

A

punctuated equilibrium

33
Q

gradual change over a long period of time

A

gradualism

34
Q

What is the time range of speciation?

A

4,000 to 40 million years

35
Q

Does speciation involve few or many genes?

A

few