Phylogeny

Question 1

classification of organisms based on how they are related to one another evolutionary

Answer 1

phylogeny

Question 2

the scientific discipline of classifying and naming organisms

Answer 2

taxonomy

Question 3

any unit within a taxonomy

Answer 3

taxon (pl. taxa)

Question 4

How is phylogeny expressed?

Answer 4

as a tree diagram

Question 5

What type of data can phylogeny include?

Answer 5

phenotypic/genetic data

Question 6

What type of traits MUST phylogeny be based on?

Answer 6

homologous

Question 7

What taxonomic level is phylogeny present at?

Answer 7

any/all

Question 8

Phylogeny at its core is just an ___.

Answer 8

hypothesis

Question 9

phylogenetic grouping consisting of the ancestor species and all descendants

Answer 9

monophyletic

Question 10

phylogenetic grouping consisting of an ancestor but not all descendants

Answer 10

paraphyletic

Question 11

phylogenetic grouping consisting of various taxa with different ancestors

Answer 11

polyphyletic

Question 12

similarity due to shared ancestry

Answer 12

homologous traits

Question 13

similarity due to convergent evolution

Answer 13

analogous traits

Question 14

when similar selection pressures result in similar adaptations among different evolutionary lineages

Answer 14

convergent evolution

Question 15

What are the 2 key concepts of phylogeny?

Answer 15

shared derived trait & maximum parsimony

Question 16

an evolutionary novelty unique to a monophyletic group

Answer 16

shared derived trait

Question 17

the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely

Answer 17

maximum parsimony

Question 18

What is the purpose of molecular clocks?

Answer 18

(1) date trees beyond fossil record
(2) assume a constant rate of DNA evolution
(3) rate is proportional to time since a common ancestor
(4) estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change

Question 19

What are the problems with molecular clocks?

Answer 19

(1) DNA sequences evolve at different rates
(2) evolution can be irregular within a gene/sequence
(3) use of multiple genes may improve estimates
(4) use of certain types of genes can improve estimates
(5) high degree of uncertainty

Question 20

What use are phylogenies?

Answer 20

(1) identify species
(2) go from raw genetic data to hidden histories of the species and world
(3) predict features of extinct species based on features of closely living relatives