SPECIAL STAINS FOR TISSUE PROCESSING Flashcards
BEST STAIN FOR CARBOHYDRATES particularly glycogen; Most common method used for demonstration of BASEMENT MEMBRANE (glomerular basement membrane)
PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF (PAS)
Usually combined with aluminum chloride to stain GLYCOGEN (+BRIGHT RED)
BEST CARMINE
A bond that play a critical role in the staining of glycogen in both PAS and Best Carmine
COULOMBIC BONDS
Probably the OLDEST STAIN, originally used for microscopic study of starch granules
IODINE
iodine stain used in staining microorganisms and fibrin in tissue sections
Gram’s Iodine
Iodine stain used as a test for glycogen, amyloid and corpora amylacea
Lugol’s Iodine
STAINS FOR FATS AND LIPIDS:
- Sudan Black B (SBB)
- Sudan IV
- Oil Red O
- Osmium tetroxide
MOST SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC FOR LIPID STAINING (FATS); stain of choice for ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE
SUDAN BLACK B (SBB)
BEST STAIN FOR BASIC PROTEINS (Histones and Protamines)
ALKALINE FAST GREEN
STAINS FOR NUCLEIC ACIDS:
- Feulgen technique
- Methyl-Green pyronin
- Acridine Orange
The Feulgen technique stains the _____ Red-purple
DNA
MOST RELIABLE AND SPECIFIC histochemical staining technique for the DNA (+RED-PURPLE)
FEULGEN
_______ can be used as an alternative for Feulgen technique
ACRIFLAVINE
Most commonly used FLUOROCHROME to demonstrate DNA and RNA in fresh or fixed tissues
ACRIDINE ORANGE
Acridine orange is used for:
SCREENING of CERVICAL SMEARS FOR CANER CELLS
In Methyl Green-Pyronin, Methyl-green stains the ________ and Pyronin stains ________
Methyl Green - NUCLEUS
Pyronin - CYTOPLASM
Stains for CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Van Gieson’s Stain - Collagen - Pink/Deep Red
Orcein - Elastic fibers - Dark Brown
Crystal violet - Amyloid - Purplish Red
SIMPLET METHOD OF DIFFERENTIAL STAINING OF COLLAGEN using a mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin
Van Gieson
EXCELLENT STAIN FOR ELASTIC FIBERS (TAENZER-UNNA); especially recommended in dermatological studies due to its ability to demonstrate the finest and most delicate fibers in the skin
ORCEIN
It is used as 4% aqueous in Krajian’s method staining of AMYLOID, elastic tissues and myelin; utilized as a stain for AXIS CYLINDERS in embryo
CONGO RED
For staining AMYLOID in FROZEN SECTIONS AND PLATELETS IN BLOOD
CRYSTAL VIOLET
STAINS FOR COLLAGEN:
- Van Gieson
- Mallory’s Aniline blue
- Masson’s Trichome
- Azocarmine
- Krajian’s Aniline blue
mnemonic: “VGMMAK” ‘bigmac’
STAINS FOR ELASTIC FIBERS:
- Orcein
- Weigert’s
- Congo Red
- Krajian’s
mnemonic: “OWCK”
Stains for MUSCLE AND BONE
- Mallory’s PTAH
- Modified Gomori’s Trichome stain
- Heidenhain’s Iron hematoxylin
Useful for the demonstration of MUSCLE STRAITIONS:
Phosphotungstic Acid-Hematoxylin (PTAH)
stains muscle striation, and neuroglia BLUE
Stains for CNS TISSUES:
- Bielchowsky’s technique
- Luxol Fast Blue
Best stain for CNS (Neurofibrils, Axons and Neurons):
BIELCHOWSKY’S technique
stains Neurofibrils, Axons, Neurons BLACK
Stains for BONE MARROW, and BLOOD ELEMENTS
- Rapid Toluidine
- Wright-Giemsa or Jenner-Giemsa
- Peroxidase Reaction
ROMANOWSKY STAINS include:
- Wright stain
- Leishman stain
- Giemsa stain
- Jenner’s stain
All are used to examine BLOOD OR BONE MARROW SAMPLES
Stains for TISSUE PIGMENTS AND DEPOSITS:
- Perl’s Prussian blue
- Turnbull’s
- Masson-Fontana Technique
- Von Kossa Silver Nitrate
- Rhodanine
- Schmorl’s Ferric-Ferricyanide
For hemosiderin (endogenous pigments_
PERL’S PRUSSIAN BLUE
Perl’s Prussian Blue stain is composed of:
1% Potassium Ferrocyanide
2% Aqueous Hydrochloric acid
BEST STAIN FOR MELANIN (+BLACK)
Masson-Fontana technique
BEST STAIN FOR CALCIUM (+BLACK)
Von Kossa Silver Nitrate
MOST SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC FOR COOPER (+RED)
RHODANINE
Endogenous pigments:
- Hemosiderin
2,. Hematoidin - Hematin
- Hemozon
- Hemofuson (Lipofuscin)
“HHHHH”
Iron-containing pigment of hemoglobin, and is usually found in places which are easily accessible to oxygen; most common hemoglobin derivative
HEMOSIDERIN
Iron-free pigment of hemoglobin, found in areas where there is poor oxygenation, participating in the formation of bile pigments
HEMATOIDIN
Hemoglobin minus the globin molecule, found in blood clots, but may be encountered in malaria, pernicious anemia and toxic hemolysis
HEMATIN
Black granule formed by malarial parasites in the red blood cells
HEMOZOIN
Iron-free brownish yellow pigment that occurs with hemosiderin in hemochromatosis
HEMOFUSCIN (LIPOFUSCIN)
The MOST COMMON EXOGENOUS PIGMENT, appearing JET BLACK PIGMENTS in lung sections and bronchial glands of CHRONIC SMOKERS:
CARBON
STAINS FOR MICROORGANISMS:
for complete list, refer to mothernotes
- Levaditi
- Dieterle
- Wade-Fite Technique
- Orcein method
- Toluidine blue
Levaditi
stains:
color:
Levaditi stain
stains: Spirochetes
color: Black on Yellow background
Dieterle stain
stains:
color:
Dieterle stain
stains: Legionella pneumophilia
color: Dark Brown to Black
Wade-Fite technique
stains:
color:
Wade-Fite technique
stains: Mycobacterium leprae, Nocardia
color: Red
Orcein method
stains:
color:
Orcein method
stains: HBsAg
color: Brown-Black
Toluidine blue
stains:
color:
Toluidine blue
stains: Helicobacter pylori (#1 stain for H. pylori)
color: Dark blue
Excellent stain for MALARIAL PARASITES; used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes; may be used as a stain for HELICOBACTER PYLORI (#2 choice for H. pylori)
GIEMSA STAIN
STAINS FOR SPIROCHETES (+BLACK)
- Warthin-Starry method
- Levaditi
- Modified Steiner and Steiner
Contrast stain for staining ASCARIS EGGS and erythrocytes and as a bacterial spore stain
MALACHITE GREEN
Used in identification of SPIROCHETES, reticulum, and other fibers stain
SILVER NITRATE
