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HISTOPATHOLOGY (TopnotcherQT) > IMPREGNATION AND EMBEDDING > Flashcards

IMPREGNATION AND EMBEDDING Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as INFILTRATION, process whereby the CLEARING AGENT IS COMPLETELY REMOVED from the tissue and replaced by a medium that will completely fill all the tissue cavities

A

IMPPREGNATION

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2
Q

The impregnating medium should be at least _____ the volume of the tissue

A

25 TIMES

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3
Q

Temperature for impregnation:

A

2 to 5C above the melting point of wax

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4
Q

Also known as CASTING or BLOCKING or MOLDING, process by which the impregnated tissue is placed in a precisely ARRANGED POSITION IN A MOLD containing a medium which is then allowed to solidify

A

EMBEDDING

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5
Q

temperature for emdedding

A

5 to 10C above the melting point of wax

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6
Q

Process by which a tissue is arranged in PRECISE POSITION IN THE MOLD DURING EMBEDDING, on the microtome before cutting, and on the slide before staining; MOST IMPORTANT STEP IN EMBEDDING

A

ORIENTATION

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7
Q

FOUR (4) TYPES OF IMPREGNATING MEDIUM AND ITS INDICATION

A
  1. PARAFFIN WAX: Routine
  2. CELLOIDIN WAX: For tough tissues
  3. GELATIN: Avoidance of dehydration (histochemistry and enzymes)
  4. PLASTCI: For electron microscopy
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8
Q

SIMPLEST, MOST COMMON and BEST EMBEDDING MEDIUM used for routine processing

A

PARAFFIN WAX

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9
Q

melting point of paraffin wax normally used for routine work

A

56C

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10
Q

The appropriate melting point of the paraffin if the current laboratory temperature is at:

MP IF LAB IS AT 20-24C:
MP IF LAB IS AT 15-18C:

A

The appropriate melting point of the paraffin if the current laboratory temperature is at:

MP IF LAB IS AT 20-24C: 54-58C
MP IF LAB IS AT 15-18C: 50-54C

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11
Q

Wax that has been trimmed away from the impregnated tissue may be melted and filtered for future use, with:

A

COARSE FILTER PAPER 9e.g. GREEN’s NO. 904)

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12
Q

Water in the paraffin wax can be removed through heating wax to _____

A

100-105C

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13
Q

How many times can paraffin wax be used?

A

Paraffin wax may be used only TWICE after which, FRESH WAX must be utilized

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14
Q

METHODS OF PARAFFIN IMPREGNATION AND EMBEDDING

A
  1. Manual processing (hand processing)
  2. Automatic tissue processing (autotechnicon)
  3. Vacuum embedding
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15
Q

In Manual processing of impregnation, at least ____ changes of paraffin at ____ minutes interval to ensure removal of the clearing agent

A

At least 4 changes of paraffin at 15 minutes interval
(15>15>15>15 = 60 minutes)

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16
Q

In Manual processing of embedding, approximately ____ hours to ensure complete embedding or casting of tissue

A

Approximately 3 hours

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17
Q

How many processing steps does automatic tissue processing use?

A

12 processing steps

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18
Q

Tissue processing steps that are included in automatic tissue processing:

A

Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration

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19
Q

In automatic tissue processing, the wax bath temperature should be:

A

3C above the melting point of wax

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20
Q

Advantage of automatic tissue processing:

A

CONSTANT AGITATION

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21
Q

Wax impregnation under NEGATIVE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (400-500 mmHg) inside an embedding oven that hasten impregnation process by removing air bubbles within the tissue

A

Vacuum embedding

22
Q

Temperature in vacuum embedding:

A

2-4C above the melting point of the wax

23
Q

In vacuum embedding, the time required for complete impregnation is thereby reduced to ______% of the normal time required for tissue processing

A

25-75%

24
Q

SUBSTITUTES FOR PARAFFIN WAX

A
  1. Paraplast
  2. Embeddol
  3. Ester wax
  4. Water soluble wax
  5. Dimethyl sulphoxide
25
Q

A substitute for paraffin wax that is HIGHLY PURIFIED PARAFFIN and synthetic plastic polymers; recommended for large tissue blocks such as the bones and the brain

A

PARAPLAST

26
Q

Melting point of paraplast:

A

56 to 57C

27
Q

Synthetic wax substitute similar to paraplast with a melting point of 56-58C; less brittle and less compressible than paraplast

A

EMBEDDOL

28
Q

A semisynthetic wax recommended for embedding EYES

A

BIOLOID

29
Q

A product of paraffin containing RUBBER, with some property as paraplast

A

TISSUE MAT

30
Q

Lower melting point (46-48C) but is harder than paraffin. Only soluble to 96% ethanol; It can be used to the tissue even without prior clearing of the tissue specimen

A

ESTER WAX

31
Q

Plastic polymers , mostly polyethylene glycols with a melting point of 38 to 42C or 45 to 56C; Dehydration and clearing is skipped when used as impregnation medium

A

Water soluble wax

32
Q

The most commonly used water-soluble wax; has a major disadvantage of DISSOLVING DURING FLOTAION. Because of the water-soluble properties of the carbowax

A

CARBOWAX

33
Q

Purified form of nitrocellulose soluble in many solvents; Recommended for LARGE HOLLOW ORGANS, which tend to collapse, for HARD AND DENSE TISSUES as bones and teeth, for LARGE TISSUE SECTIONS of the whole embryo

A

CELLOIDIN IMPREGNATION

34
Q

Celloidin impregnation types:

A
  1. WET celloidin method
  2. DRY celloidin method
  3. Nitrocellulose method
35
Q

Recommended for BONES, TEETH, LARGE BRAIN SECTIONS and WHOLE ORGANS; tissue blocks stored in 70-80% ALCOHOL to avoid dehydration and shrinkage of the tissues until ready for cutting

A

WET CELLOIDIN METHOD

mnemonic:
“BWL and WET na Teeth-i”

Bones, Whole organs, Large brain sections, teeth in WET celloidin

36
Q

Preferred for processing of WHOLE EYE SECTIONS;

A

DRY CELLOIDIN METHOD

mnemonic:
“DRY EYES”

37
Q

GILSON’S MIXTURE is made up of

A

equal parts of CHLOROFORM and CEDARWOOD OIL

Note:
GILSON’S MIXTURE is added to celloidin blocks before hardening to make the tissue transparent. 70% alcohol is not used for storage before cutting instead Gilson’s mixture

38
Q

Another form of celloidin which is soluble in equal concentration of ether and alcohol with a lower viscosity to allow it to be used in higher concentrations and still penetrate tissues rapidly

A

NITROCELLULOSE METHOD

39
Q

RARELY USED except when dehydration is to be avoided and when tissues are subjected to histochemical and enzyme studies; used for DELICATE specimen and frozen sections

A

GELATIN IMPREGNATION

40
Q

In gelatin impregnation, volume should be at least _____ the volume of the tissue

A

25 TIMES

41
Q

In gelatin impregnation, tissue should NOT be more than _____ mm thick

A

2-3 mm thick

42
Q

This is essential so that ULTRATHIN SECTIONS for ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (EM) may be cut with a minimum distortion

A

PLASTIC EMBEDDING

43
Q

PLASTIC CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THEIR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

A
  1. Polyester plastics
  2. Acrylic plastics
  3. Epoxy plastics
44
Q

Plastic embedding used extensively for high resolution light microscopy and un-decalcified bone

A

ACRYLIC PLASTIC

45
Q

mixture of epoxy plastics, catalysts, and accelerators:

A

BISPHENOL A (ARALDITE)
GLYCEROL (EPON)
CYCLOHEXENE DIOXIDE (SPURR)

46
Q

MOLDS FOR EMBEDDING:

A
  1. Leuckhart’s embedding mold
  2. Compound embedding unit
  3. Plastic embedded rings and based mold
  4. Disposable embedding molds
47
Q

2 ‘L’ shaped strips with a heavy brass which the size can be adjusted

A

Leuckhart’s embedding mold

48
Q

Interlocking plates forming several compartments

A

Compound embedding unit

49
Q

Examples of disposable embedding molds:

A

Peel-away
Plastic ice trays
Paper boats

recall: EXCEPT PAPER CUPS

50
Q

In Double Embedding Method, tissue is first ________ and ________.

A

Tissue is first INFILTRATED WITH CELLOIDIN and EMBEDDED WITH PARAFFIN

mnemonic: ICEP (Infiltrated-Celloidin, Embedded-Paraffin)

HISTOPATHOLOGY (TopnotcherQT) (26 decks)

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