HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES (RECALLS) Flashcards
memorization
In histopathology laboratory, what is the primary application of frozen sections?
A. For specialized silver stains, particularly in neuropathology
B. Rapid pathologic diagnosis during surgery
C. Diagnostic and research enzyme histochemistry for immediate diagnosis
D. Demonstration of fat cells and carbohydrate
B. Rapid pathologic diagnosis during surgery (TAT 5-15 MINUTES)
What is the MOST RAPID and MOST WIDELY USED agent in the preparation of frozen sections?
A. Isopentane
B. Liquid nitrogen
C. Carbon dioxide gas
D. Aerosol sprays
B. Liquid nitrogen
A. Isopentane - FOR MUSCLE TISSUES
C. Carbon dioxide gas - FOR COLD KNIFE PROCEDURE
D. Aerosol sprays - FOR SMALL PIECES OF TISSUE
In cold knife procedure, what is the optimum temperature of the knife?
A. -40 to -60C
B. -5 to -10C
C. 0 to -10C
D. -18 to -20
A. -40 to -60
B. -5 to -10C - TISSUE
C. 0 to -10C - ENVIRONMENT
D. -18 to -20 - CRYOSTAT
What is the transition step between dehydration and infiltration?
A. Impregnation
B. Clearing
C. Embedding
C. Decalcification
B. Clearing
Maria, an intern assigned at histopathology section received a brain sample labeled C24-1012 in the laboratory. Based on standard labeling protocols, what does the “C” in the label most likely indicate?
A. Surgical specimen
B. Autopsy specimen
C. Cytology specimen
D. Cytochemistry specimen
C. Cytology specimen
C24-1012
C - For Cytology
24 - Year specimen received, 2024
1012 - Accession Number
What is the primary aim of fixation?
A. Preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell
B. Harden and protect the tissue from trauma of further handling
C. Act as mordant or accentuators
D. Inhibit bacterial decomposition
A. Preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell
B. Harden and protect the tissue from trauma of further handling - SCEONDARY AIM
All are factors that ensure complete surface penetration by the fixative, EXCEPT:
A. Pressure
B. Volume
C. Temperature
D. pH
A. Pressure
B. Volume - 20x THE VOLUME OF TISSUE
C. Temperature - ROOM TEMPERATURE
D. pH - NEUTRAL (BETWEEN pH 6-8)
All are factors that retard the fixation process, EXCEPT:
A. Presence of fats, mucus and blood
B. Cold temperature
C. Thick tissue sections
D. Agitation
D. Agitation - HASTENS/ENHANCES/ACCELERATES
All of the following are good characteristics of a fixing fluid, EXCEPT:
A. It must be cheap, stable and safe to handle
B. It must inhibit bacterial decomposition and autolysis
C. It must be isotonic, causing minimal physical and chemical alteration of the cells
D. It must make cellular components sensitive subsequent processing
D. It must make cellular components sensitive subsequent processing - INSENSITIVE
All of the following are physical preservation of tissue, EXCEPT:
A. heat
B. Cryopreservation
C. Vapor
D. Microwave
C. Vapor
To prepare a 10% solution of formalin, which of the following amounts of water should be added to 100 mL of stock formaldehyde?
A. 100 mL
B. 900 mL
C. 450 mL
D. 9,000 mL
B. 900 mL
10% BUFFERED FORMALIN =
100 mL 37-40% formaldehyde +
900 mL water
What is the actual concentration of a formaldehyde in a “10% formalin solution”?
A. 2%
B. 4%
C. 6%
D. 8%
B. 4%
All of the following are composition of Bouin’s fluid, EXCEPT:
A. Ethanol
B. Picric acid
C. Formaldehyde
D. Glacial acetic acid
A. Ethanol
All of the following are tissue softeners, EXCEPT:
A. HCL
B. Molliflex
C. Formalin
D. Perenyi’s
C. Formalin - HARDENS TISSUE, FIXATIVE
What is the MOST COMMON and the FASTEST DECALCIFYING AGENT used?
A. Nitric acid
B. Hydrochloric acid
C. Von Ebner’s
D. Phloroglucin
A. Nitric acid
D. Phloroglucin - MOST RAPID DECALCIFYING AGENT
Which measure the completeness of decalcification by touching or bending resistance to finger or by PROBING the tissue with needle?
A. Physical Method
B. Radiological method
C. Chemical method
D. Electro-chemical Method
A. Physical Method - MOST UNRELIABLE METHOD
B. Radiological Method - MOST RELIABLE METHOD
Dehydration is accomplished through the use of :
A. Increasing grades of alcohol
B. Decreasing grades of alcohol
C. Increasing grades of xylene
D. Decreasing grades of xylene
A. Increasing grades of alcohol - STARTS WITH 70% TO AVOID CELL DISTORTION
What is the MOST COMMONLY USED DEHYDRATING agent?
A. Xylene
B. Formalin
C. Ethanol
D. Nitric acid
C. Ethanol
A. Xylene - MOST COMMON CLEARING AGENT
B. Formalin - MOST COMMON FIXATIVE
D. Nitric acid - MOST COMMON DECALCIFYING AGENT
Which of the following compounds is used to ensure that there is complete dehydration?
A. Copper Sulfate
B. Silver Nitrate
C. Calcium oxalate
D. Hydrogen Peroxide
A. Copper sulfate - IN THE PRESCENE OF WATER, WILL TURN TO BLUE
C. Calcium oxalate - COMPLETE DECALCIFICATION
All of the following are processed at wet celloidin, EXCEPT:
A. Eyes
B. Bones
C. Large brain sections
D. Whole organs
A. Eyes - DRY CELLOIDIN
When trimming tissue block, they must be surrounded by at least __________ of wax:
A. 1 mm
B. 2 mm
C. 3 mm
D. 4 mm
B. 2 mm
What is the usual tissue thickness of a paraffin section in micra?
A. 10 to 15
B. 4 to 6
C. 10 to 20
D. 50 to 120
B. 4 to 6 - ROUTINE
A. 10 to 15 - CELLOIDIN SECTIONS
C. 10 to 20 - FROZEN SECTIONS
What is the purpose of floating the ribbon in the water bath from paraffin section?
A. For easy staining
B. To flatten the ribbon
C. To remove the excess paraffin
D. To prevent the spread of diseases
B. To flatten the ribbon
What is the most common cutting engine in the laboratory?
A. Sliding
B. Freezing
C. Rocking
D. Rotary
D. Rotary - FOR PARAFFIN SECTIONS, USES BICONCAVE KNIFE
A. Sliding - MST DANGEROUS, FOR CELLOIDIN SECTIONS
C. Rocking - SIMPLEST
Which of the following involves the removal GROSS NICKS with heel to toe direction on the knife edge, to remove blemishes, and grinding the cutting edge of the knife on a stone?
A. Honing
B. Stropping
C. Sectioning
D. Microtomy
A. Honing
B. Stropping - REMOVAL OF BURR, TOE TO HEEL
What is the normal bevel angle when cutting tissue sections?
A. 15
B. 0 to 15
C. 27 to 32
D. 14 to 15
C. 27 to 32
A. 15 - PERFECT AND OPTIMUM CUTTING ANGLE
B. 0 to 15 - CLEARANCE ANGLE
d. 14 to 15 - WEDGE KNIVES
What is the purpose of Egg Albumin?
A. For sectioning
B. For adhesion or sticking
C. For staining
D. For mounting
B. For adhesion or sticking
All of the following are supravital stain, EXCEPT:
A. India ink
B. Janus green
C. Neutral red
D. Trypan blue
A. India ink - INTRAVITAL STAIN
What staining teachnique uses a mordant?
A. Direct
B. Indirect
C. Progressive
D. Regressive
B. Indirect
A. Direct - DOES NOT USE A MORDANT
Routine H and E staining is the most common method utilized for micro-anatomical studies of tissues, uses:
A. Direct
B. Indirect
C. Progressive
D. Regressive
D. Regressive - WITH DECOLORIZATION/WASHING-OUT
C. Progressive - WITHOUT DECOLORIZATION/WASHING-OUT
All are considered to be a natural dye, EXCEPT:
A. Cochineal dyes
B. Hematoxylin
C. Aniline
D. Orcein
C. Aniline
A. Cochineal dyes - COCHINIEAL BUG, Coccus cacti
B. Hematoxylin - MEXICAN LOGOWOOD TREE
D. Orcien - LICHENS
Ripening of hematoxylin is a process of:
A. Oxidation
B. Reduction
C. Oxidation then reduction
D. Reduction then oxidation
A. Oxidation - OXIDIZE THE HEMATEIN, ACTIVE COLORING AGENT
Glacial acetic acid added to hematoxylin will:
A. Inactivate stain
B. Enhance cytoplasmic staining
C. Decrease nuclear staining
D. Enhance nuclear staining
D. Enhance nuclear staining
A sheen of oxidized dye on the surface of hematoxylin solution indicates:
A. Stain is concentrated
B. Stain is contaminated by bacteria
C. Stain has to be filtered
D. Stain has to be discarded
C. Stain has to be filtered
All fixatives can be used for H and E staining, EXCEPT:
A. Formalin
B. Flemming’s fluid
C. Helly’s fluid
D. Zenker’s fluid
B. Flemming’s fluid - OSMIUM TETROXIDE FIXATIVES
What organelle does the hematoxylin stains?
A. Nucleus
B. Cytoskeleton
C. Cytoplasm
D. Mitochondria
A. Nucleus
C. Cytoplasm - EOSIN
Acid alcohol used in routine H and E staining acts as:
A. Mordant
B. Stain
C. Blueing agent
D. Differentiator or decolorizer
D. Differentiator or decolorizer
All are considered to be a Romanowsky stains, EXCEPT:
A. Wright’s
B. May-Grunwald
C. Hematoxylin
D. Leishman
C. Hematoxylin
Which of the following is a stain for CARBOHYDRATES particularly glycogen and mucopolysaccharides, and GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE?
A. Gram stain
B. Periodic acid Schiff
C. Perl’s Prussian blue stain
D. Bielschowsly’s technique
B. Periodic acid Schiff - +RED/MAGENTA
What is the OLDEST stain?
A. Iodine
B. Malachite green
C. Orcein
D. Neutral red
A. Iodine - 1839, STAIN FOR GLYCOGEN
What is the most sensitive and speicific reagent for LIPIDS or FATS STAINING?
A. Osmic acid
B. Sudan IV
C. Sudan Black B
D. Oil Red O
C. Sudan Black B - STAIN FOR ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE
The Feulgen’s reaction is the most reliable and speicific histochemical staining for:
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. DNA and RNA
D. Mitochondria
A. DNA +RED-PURPLE
What stain is used for NEURONS, AXONS AND NEUROFIBRILS?
A. Bielschowsky’s techniqye
B. Lindquist’s modified rhodanine technique
C. Masson Fontana Technique
D. Perl’s Prussian Blue method
A. Bielschowsky’s technique +BLACK
In the Masson Fontana technique, melanin is stained:
A. Red
B. Yellow
C. Green
D. Black
D. Black
In the von Kossa’s silver nitrate method, calcium salts are stained:
A? Red
B. Yellow
C. Green
D. Black
D. Black
Toluidine blue is used to stain what microorganism?
A. Mycobacterium leprae and Nocardia
B. Legionella pneumophila
C. Fungi
D. Helicobacter pylori
D. Helicobacter pylori
A. Mycobacterium leprae and Nocardia - WADE-FITE
B. Legionella pneumophila - DIETERLE
C. Fungi - GROCOTT and PAS
What is the staining reaction of Spirichete in Levaditi’s?
A. Bright red
B. Blue
C. Black on yellowish background
D. Green
C. Black on yellowish background
Stains used to demonstrate SPIROCHETES:
1. Levaditi
2. Warthin-Starry
3. Modified Steiner
To avoid distortion of the image, the REFRACTIVE INDEX of the mountant should be as near as possible to that of the glass which is:
A. 1.180
B. 1.053
C. 1.581
D. 1.518
D. 1.518
Which of the following is NOT an aqueous mountant?
A. Water
B. Apathy’s
C. Canada balsam
D. Farrant’s
C. Canada Balsam - RESINOUS
What is the RI of Canada balsam mounting medium?
A. 1.518
B. 1.524
C. 1.532
D. 1.520
B. 1.524
“Maraming pumupunta sa Canada, eded 15-24”
What is the most likely cause of the “VENETIAN BLINDS” appearance in tissue sections?
A. Insufficient fixation
B. Insufficient dehydration
C. Nicked blade
D. Incorrrect microtome settings
C. Nicked blade
What system of labelling is commonly used in tissue processing to ensure accurate identification of specimens?
A. Fool-proof system
B. Manual labelling system
C. Randomized system
D. Sequential system
A. Fool-proof system
All are commonly found equipment in histopathology, EXCEPT:
A. Microtome
B. Water bath
C. Shaker
D. Centrifuge
C. Shaker
Which of the following steps in tissue processing automatic tissue processor handles?
A. Fixation, Dehydration
B. Fixation, Dehydration, and Infiltration
C. Fixation, Dehydration, Clearing, Infiltration
D. Fixation, Decalcification, and Dehydration
C. Fixation, Dehydration, Clearing, Infiltration
The autotechnicon is an automatic tissue processor. The last container in the series of sections pass through contains:
A. Formnalin
B. Alcohol
C. Paraffin
D. Acetone
C. Paraffin
In automatic tissue processors, ____________ of the tissue into reagent containers, provides the agitation needed for the processing of the tissue:
A. vertical oscillation
B. horizontal oscillation
C. diagonal oscillation
D. rotational oscillation
A. vertical oscillation
What antibody class most frequently demonstrated in immunofluorescent, immunoenzyme and IHC staining?
A. IgA
B. IgE
C. IgG
D. IgM
C. IgG
Polyclonal antibodies are produced by injection of antigen into:
A. mammalian cell cultures
B. bacterial cultures
C. animals
D. plastic vials
C. animals
MONOCLONAL AB - MICE
POLYCLONAL AB - RABBIT
Many tissues used in IHC are routinely fixed in:
A. Mercury chloride fixative
B. Ethanol
C. Glutaraldehyde
D. 10% Neutral buffered formalin
D. 10% Neutral buffered formalin
NOTE:
Routine tissue processing - 4 to 6 micra
For IHC - 3 to 5 micra
What is the most commonly used counterstain in immunohistochemistry (IHC)?
A. Eosin
B. Congo Red
C. Hematoxylin
D. Orange G
C. Hematoxylin
NOTE:
Counterstain for routine tissue processing - EOSIN
Counterstain for IHC - HEMATOXYLIN
AMINOETHYLCARBAZOLE (AEC), which is _________ in color, is common chromogen for peroxidases
A. Brown
B. Orange
C. Pink
D. Red
D. Red
DAB - BROWN
AEC - RED
What is the fixative of choice for routine cytologic smears?
A. 100% methanol
B. Carnoy’s
C. 95% ethyl alcohol
D. Ether-Alcohol
C. 95% ethyl alcohol
A. 100% methanol - REC. SUBSTITUTE FOR 95% ETHANOL
B. Carnoy’s - FOR BLOODY SPECIMENS
D. Ether-Alcohol - BEST FIXATIVE
All are used as substitute for 95% ethyl alcohol in routine cytologic smears, EXCEPT:
A. Hair Spray fixative
B. Methanol
C. Corn syrup
D. Distilled water
D. Distilled water
Which of the following can be used as an alternative for 95% ethyl alcohol in routine cytologic smears?
A. Hair spray fixatives
B. Spray fixative
C. Formaldehyde
D. Glutaraldehyde
A. Hair spray fixatives
All are true about autopsy, EXCEPT:
A. A special type of surgical surgery
B. Ultimate aim is to determine malpractice where the autopsy in the lab is performed by a medical technologis
C. Other name is necropsy
D. Used as an investigative tool
B. Ultimate aim is to determine malpractice where the autopsy in the lab is performed by a medical technologist
