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HISTOPATHOLOGY (TopnotcherQT) > HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES (RECALLS) > Flashcards

HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES (RECALLS) Flashcards

memorization

1
Q

In histopathology laboratory, what is the primary application of frozen sections?

A. For specialized silver stains, particularly in neuropathology
B. Rapid pathologic diagnosis during surgery
C. Diagnostic and research enzyme histochemistry for immediate diagnosis
D. Demonstration of fat cells and carbohydrate

A

B. Rapid pathologic diagnosis during surgery (TAT 5-15 MINUTES)

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2
Q

What is the MOST RAPID and MOST WIDELY USED agent in the preparation of frozen sections?

A. Isopentane
B. Liquid nitrogen
C. Carbon dioxide gas
D. Aerosol sprays

A

B. Liquid nitrogen

A. Isopentane - FOR MUSCLE TISSUES
C. Carbon dioxide gas - FOR COLD KNIFE PROCEDURE
D. Aerosol sprays - FOR SMALL PIECES OF TISSUE

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3
Q

In cold knife procedure, what is the optimum temperature of the knife?

A. -40 to -60C
B. -5 to -10C
C. 0 to -10C
D. -18 to -20

A

A. -40 to -60

B. -5 to -10C - TISSUE
C. 0 to -10C - ENVIRONMENT
D. -18 to -20 - CRYOSTAT

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4
Q

What is the transition step between dehydration and infiltration?

A. Impregnation
B. Clearing
C. Embedding
C. Decalcification

A

B. Clearing

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5
Q

Maria, an intern assigned at histopathology section received a brain sample labeled C24-1012 in the laboratory. Based on standard labeling protocols, what does the “C” in the label most likely indicate?

A. Surgical specimen
B. Autopsy specimen
C. Cytology specimen
D. Cytochemistry specimen

A

C. Cytology specimen

C24-1012
C - For Cytology
24 - Year specimen received, 2024
1012 - Accession Number

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6
Q

What is the primary aim of fixation?

A. Preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell
B. Harden and protect the tissue from trauma of further handling
C. Act as mordant or accentuators
D. Inhibit bacterial decomposition

A

A. Preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell

B. Harden and protect the tissue from trauma of further handling - SCEONDARY AIM

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7
Q

All are factors that ensure complete surface penetration by the fixative, EXCEPT:

A. Pressure
B. Volume
C. Temperature
D. pH

A

A. Pressure

B. Volume - 20x THE VOLUME OF TISSUE
C. Temperature - ROOM TEMPERATURE
D. pH - NEUTRAL (BETWEEN pH 6-8)

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8
Q

All are factors that retard the fixation process, EXCEPT:

A. Presence of fats, mucus and blood
B. Cold temperature
C. Thick tissue sections
D. Agitation

A

D. Agitation - HASTENS/ENHANCES/ACCELERATES

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9
Q

All of the following are good characteristics of a fixing fluid, EXCEPT:

A. It must be cheap, stable and safe to handle
B. It must inhibit bacterial decomposition and autolysis
C. It must be isotonic, causing minimal physical and chemical alteration of the cells
D. It must make cellular components sensitive subsequent processing

A

D. It must make cellular components sensitive subsequent processing - INSENSITIVE

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10
Q

All of the following are physical preservation of tissue, EXCEPT:

A. heat
B. Cryopreservation
C. Vapor
D. Microwave

A

C. Vapor

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11
Q

To prepare a 10% solution of formalin, which of the following amounts of water should be added to 100 mL of stock formaldehyde?

A. 100 mL
B. 900 mL
C. 450 mL
D. 9,000 mL

A

B. 900 mL

10% BUFFERED FORMALIN =
100 mL 37-40% formaldehyde +
900 mL water

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12
Q

What is the actual concentration of a formaldehyde in a “10% formalin solution”?

A. 2%
B. 4%
C. 6%
D. 8%

A

B. 4%

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13
Q

All of the following are composition of Bouin’s fluid, EXCEPT:

A. Ethanol
B. Picric acid
C. Formaldehyde
D. Glacial acetic acid

A

A. Ethanol

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14
Q

All of the following are tissue softeners, EXCEPT:

A. HCL
B. Molliflex
C. Formalin
D. Perenyi’s

A

C. Formalin - HARDENS TISSUE, FIXATIVE

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15
Q

What is the MOST COMMON and the FASTEST DECALCIFYING AGENT used?

A. Nitric acid
B. Hydrochloric acid
C. Von Ebner’s
D. Phloroglucin

A

A. Nitric acid

D. Phloroglucin - MOST RAPID DECALCIFYING AGENT

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16
Q

Which measure the completeness of decalcification by touching or bending resistance to finger or by PROBING the tissue with needle?

A. Physical Method
B. Radiological method
C. Chemical method
D. Electro-chemical Method

A

A. Physical Method - MOST UNRELIABLE METHOD

B. Radiological Method - MOST RELIABLE METHOD

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17
Q

Dehydration is accomplished through the use of :

A. Increasing grades of alcohol
B. Decreasing grades of alcohol
C. Increasing grades of xylene
D. Decreasing grades of xylene

A

A. Increasing grades of alcohol - STARTS WITH 70% TO AVOID CELL DISTORTION

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18
Q

What is the MOST COMMONLY USED DEHYDRATING agent?

A. Xylene
B. Formalin
C. Ethanol
D. Nitric acid

A

C. Ethanol

A. Xylene - MOST COMMON CLEARING AGENT
B. Formalin - MOST COMMON FIXATIVE
D. Nitric acid - MOST COMMON DECALCIFYING AGENT

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19
Q

Which of the following compounds is used to ensure that there is complete dehydration?

A. Copper Sulfate
B. Silver Nitrate
C. Calcium oxalate
D. Hydrogen Peroxide

A

A. Copper sulfate - IN THE PRESCENE OF WATER, WILL TURN TO BLUE

C. Calcium oxalate - COMPLETE DECALCIFICATION

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20
Q

All of the following are processed at wet celloidin, EXCEPT:

A. Eyes
B. Bones
C. Large brain sections
D. Whole organs

A

A. Eyes - DRY CELLOIDIN

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21
Q

When trimming tissue block, they must be surrounded by at least __________ of wax:

A. 1 mm
B. 2 mm
C. 3 mm
D. 4 mm

A

B. 2 mm

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22
Q

What is the usual tissue thickness of a paraffin section in micra?

A. 10 to 15
B. 4 to 6
C. 10 to 20
D. 50 to 120

A

B. 4 to 6 - ROUTINE

A. 10 to 15 - CELLOIDIN SECTIONS
C. 10 to 20 - FROZEN SECTIONS

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23
Q

What is the purpose of floating the ribbon in the water bath from paraffin section?

A. For easy staining
B. To flatten the ribbon
C. To remove the excess paraffin
D. To prevent the spread of diseases

A

B. To flatten the ribbon

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24
Q

What is the most common cutting engine in the laboratory?

A. Sliding
B. Freezing
C. Rocking
D. Rotary

A

D. Rotary - FOR PARAFFIN SECTIONS, USES BICONCAVE KNIFE

A. Sliding - MST DANGEROUS, FOR CELLOIDIN SECTIONS
C. Rocking - SIMPLEST

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25
Q

Which of the following involves the removal GROSS NICKS with heel to toe direction on the knife edge, to remove blemishes, and grinding the cutting edge of the knife on a stone?

A. Honing
B. Stropping
C. Sectioning
D. Microtomy

A

A. Honing

B. Stropping - REMOVAL OF BURR, TOE TO HEEL

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26
Q

What is the normal bevel angle when cutting tissue sections?

A. 15
B. 0 to 15
C. 27 to 32
D. 14 to 15

A

C. 27 to 32

A. 15 - PERFECT AND OPTIMUM CUTTING ANGLE
B. 0 to 15 - CLEARANCE ANGLE
d. 14 to 15 - WEDGE KNIVES

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27
Q

What is the purpose of Egg Albumin?

A. For sectioning
B. For adhesion or sticking
C. For staining
D. For mounting

A

B. For adhesion or sticking

28
Q

All of the following are supravital stain, EXCEPT:

A. India ink
B. Janus green
C. Neutral red
D. Trypan blue

A

A. India ink - INTRAVITAL STAIN

29
Q

What staining teachnique uses a mordant?

A. Direct
B. Indirect
C. Progressive
D. Regressive

A

B. Indirect

A. Direct - DOES NOT USE A MORDANT

30
Q

Routine H and E staining is the most common method utilized for micro-anatomical studies of tissues, uses:

A. Direct
B. Indirect
C. Progressive
D. Regressive

A

D. Regressive - WITH DECOLORIZATION/WASHING-OUT

C. Progressive - WITHOUT DECOLORIZATION/WASHING-OUT

31
Q

All are considered to be a natural dye, EXCEPT:

A. Cochineal dyes
B. Hematoxylin
C. Aniline
D. Orcein

A

C. Aniline

A. Cochineal dyes - COCHINIEAL BUG, Coccus cacti
B. Hematoxylin - MEXICAN LOGOWOOD TREE
D. Orcien - LICHENS

32
Q

Ripening of hematoxylin is a process of:

A. Oxidation
B. Reduction
C. Oxidation then reduction
D. Reduction then oxidation

A

A. Oxidation - OXIDIZE THE HEMATEIN, ACTIVE COLORING AGENT

33
Q

Glacial acetic acid added to hematoxylin will:

A. Inactivate stain
B. Enhance cytoplasmic staining
C. Decrease nuclear staining
D. Enhance nuclear staining

A

D. Enhance nuclear staining

34
Q

A sheen of oxidized dye on the surface of hematoxylin solution indicates:

A. Stain is concentrated
B. Stain is contaminated by bacteria
C. Stain has to be filtered
D. Stain has to be discarded

A

C. Stain has to be filtered

35
Q

All fixatives can be used for H and E staining, EXCEPT:

A. Formalin
B. Flemming’s fluid
C. Helly’s fluid
D. Zenker’s fluid

A

B. Flemming’s fluid - OSMIUM TETROXIDE FIXATIVES

36
Q

What organelle does the hematoxylin stains?

A. Nucleus
B. Cytoskeleton
C. Cytoplasm
D. Mitochondria

A

A. Nucleus

C. Cytoplasm - EOSIN

37
Q

Acid alcohol used in routine H and E staining acts as:

A. Mordant
B. Stain
C. Blueing agent
D. Differentiator or decolorizer

A

D. Differentiator or decolorizer

38
Q

All are considered to be a Romanowsky stains, EXCEPT:

A. Wright’s
B. May-Grunwald
C. Hematoxylin
D. Leishman

A

C. Hematoxylin

39
Q

Which of the following is a stain for CARBOHYDRATES particularly glycogen and mucopolysaccharides, and GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE?

A. Gram stain
B. Periodic acid Schiff
C. Perl’s Prussian blue stain
D. Bielschowsly’s technique

A

B. Periodic acid Schiff - +RED/MAGENTA

40
Q

What is the OLDEST stain?

A. Iodine
B. Malachite green
C. Orcein
D. Neutral red

A

A. Iodine - 1839, STAIN FOR GLYCOGEN

41
Q

What is the most sensitive and speicific reagent for LIPIDS or FATS STAINING?

A. Osmic acid
B. Sudan IV
C. Sudan Black B
D. Oil Red O

A

C. Sudan Black B - STAIN FOR ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE

42
Q

The Feulgen’s reaction is the most reliable and speicific histochemical staining for:

A. DNA
B. RNA
C. DNA and RNA
D. Mitochondria

A

A. DNA +RED-PURPLE

43
Q

What stain is used for NEURONS, AXONS AND NEUROFIBRILS?

A. Bielschowsky’s techniqye
B. Lindquist’s modified rhodanine technique
C. Masson Fontana Technique
D. Perl’s Prussian Blue method

A

A. Bielschowsky’s technique +BLACK

44
Q

In the Masson Fontana technique, melanin is stained:

A. Red
B. Yellow
C. Green
D. Black

A

D. Black

45
Q

In the von Kossa’s silver nitrate method, calcium salts are stained:

A? Red
B. Yellow
C. Green
D. Black

A

D. Black

46
Q

Toluidine blue is used to stain what microorganism?

A. Mycobacterium leprae and Nocardia
B. Legionella pneumophila
C. Fungi
D. Helicobacter pylori

A

D. Helicobacter pylori

A. Mycobacterium leprae and Nocardia - WADE-FITE
B. Legionella pneumophila - DIETERLE
C. Fungi - GROCOTT and PAS

47
Q

What is the staining reaction of Spirichete in Levaditi’s?

A. Bright red
B. Blue
C. Black on yellowish background
D. Green

A

C. Black on yellowish background

Stains used to demonstrate SPIROCHETES:
1. Levaditi
2. Warthin-Starry
3. Modified Steiner

48
Q

To avoid distortion of the image, the REFRACTIVE INDEX of the mountant should be as near as possible to that of the glass which is:

A. 1.180
B. 1.053
C. 1.581
D. 1.518

A

D. 1.518

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT an aqueous mountant?

A. Water
B. Apathy’s
C. Canada balsam
D. Farrant’s

A

C. Canada Balsam - RESINOUS

50
Q

What is the RI of Canada balsam mounting medium?

A. 1.518
B. 1.524
C. 1.532
D. 1.520

A

B. 1.524

“Maraming pumupunta sa Canada, eded 15-24”

51
Q

What is the most likely cause of the “VENETIAN BLINDS” appearance in tissue sections?

A. Insufficient fixation
B. Insufficient dehydration
C. Nicked blade
D. Incorrrect microtome settings

A

C. Nicked blade

52
Q

What system of labelling is commonly used in tissue processing to ensure accurate identification of specimens?

A. Fool-proof system
B. Manual labelling system
C. Randomized system
D. Sequential system

A

A. Fool-proof system

53
Q

All are commonly found equipment in histopathology, EXCEPT:

A. Microtome
B. Water bath
C. Shaker
D. Centrifuge

A

C. Shaker

54
Q

Which of the following steps in tissue processing automatic tissue processor handles?

A. Fixation, Dehydration
B. Fixation, Dehydration, and Infiltration
C. Fixation, Dehydration, Clearing, Infiltration
D. Fixation, Decalcification, and Dehydration

A

C. Fixation, Dehydration, Clearing, Infiltration

55
Q

The autotechnicon is an automatic tissue processor. The last container in the series of sections pass through contains:

A. Formnalin
B. Alcohol
C. Paraffin
D. Acetone

A

C. Paraffin

56
Q

In automatic tissue processors, ____________ of the tissue into reagent containers, provides the agitation needed for the processing of the tissue:

A. vertical oscillation
B. horizontal oscillation
C. diagonal oscillation
D. rotational oscillation

A

A. vertical oscillation

57
Q

What antibody class most frequently demonstrated in immunofluorescent, immunoenzyme and IHC staining?

A. IgA
B. IgE
C. IgG
D. IgM

A

C. IgG

58
Q

Polyclonal antibodies are produced by injection of antigen into:

A. mammalian cell cultures
B. bacterial cultures
C. animals
D. plastic vials

A

C. animals

MONOCLONAL AB - MICE
POLYCLONAL AB - RABBIT

59
Q

Many tissues used in IHC are routinely fixed in:

A. Mercury chloride fixative
B. Ethanol
C. Glutaraldehyde
D. 10% Neutral buffered formalin

A

D. 10% Neutral buffered formalin

NOTE:
Routine tissue processing - 4 to 6 micra
For IHC - 3 to 5 micra

60
Q

What is the most commonly used counterstain in immunohistochemistry (IHC)?

A. Eosin
B. Congo Red
C. Hematoxylin
D. Orange G

A

C. Hematoxylin

NOTE:
Counterstain for routine tissue processing - EOSIN

Counterstain for IHC - HEMATOXYLIN

61
Q

AMINOETHYLCARBAZOLE (AEC), which is _________ in color, is common chromogen for peroxidases

A. Brown
B. Orange
C. Pink
D. Red

A

D. Red

DAB - BROWN
AEC - RED

62
Q

What is the fixative of choice for routine cytologic smears?

A. 100% methanol
B. Carnoy’s
C. 95% ethyl alcohol
D. Ether-Alcohol

A

C. 95% ethyl alcohol

A. 100% methanol - REC. SUBSTITUTE FOR 95% ETHANOL
B. Carnoy’s - FOR BLOODY SPECIMENS
D. Ether-Alcohol - BEST FIXATIVE

63
Q

All are used as substitute for 95% ethyl alcohol in routine cytologic smears, EXCEPT:

A. Hair Spray fixative
B. Methanol
C. Corn syrup
D. Distilled water

A

D. Distilled water

64
Q

Which of the following can be used as an alternative for 95% ethyl alcohol in routine cytologic smears?

A. Hair spray fixatives
B. Spray fixative
C. Formaldehyde
D. Glutaraldehyde

A

A. Hair spray fixatives

65
Q

All are true about autopsy, EXCEPT:

A. A special type of surgical surgery
B. Ultimate aim is to determine malpractice where the autopsy in the lab is performed by a medical technologis
C. Other name is necropsy
D. Used as an investigative tool

A

B. Ultimate aim is to determine malpractice where the autopsy in the lab is performed by a medical technologist

HISTOPATHOLOGY (TopnotcherQT) (26 decks)

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