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HISTOPATHOLOGY (TopnotcherQT) > HISTOLOGY > Flashcards

HISTOLOGY Flashcards

memorization

1
Q

The microscopic study of the tissues of the body

A

Histology

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2
Q

Four types of tissue:

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscular tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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3
Q

Function of tissues

  1. Epithelial tissue -
  2. Connective tissue -
  3. Muscular tissue -
  4. Nervous tissue -
A

Function of tissues

  1. Epithelial tissue - COVERS body surfaces, lines body cavities, and form glands
  2. Connective tissue - SUPPORTS the other three basic tissues, both structurally and functionally
  3. Muscular tissue - Made up of contractile cells and is responsible for MOVEMENT
  4. Nervous tissue - CONTROL; receives, transmits and integrates information from outside and inside the body to CONTROL activities of the body
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4
Q

Germinal Tissue Layers:

A
  1. Ectoderm - outermost layer
  2. Mesoderm - middlemost layer
  3. Endoderm - innermost layer
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5
Q

Germinal tissue origin of epithelial tissue:

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

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6
Q

Germinal tissue origin of connective tissue:

A

Mesoderm

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7
Q

Germinal tissue origin of muscular tissue:

A

Mesoderm

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8
Q

Germinal tissue origin of nervous tissue:

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

It is the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body; functions include protection, absorption and secretion;

A

Epithelial tissue

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10
Q

Two (2) types of epithelial tissue:

A
  1. Covering or lining epithelium
  2. Glandular epithelium
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11
Q

Covering or lining epithelium is classified according to _______ and _____:

A

Number of cellular layers and
Cell shape

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12
Q

Classification of covering/lining epithelium according to the NUMBER OF CELLULAR LAYERS:

A
  1. Simple - one layer of cells
  2. Pseudostratified - special type of simple epithelium
  3. Stratified - Two or more layers
  4. Transitional - special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched
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13
Q

Classification of covering/lining epithelium according to CELL SHAPE:

A
  1. Squamous - Flat and thin cells
  2. Cuboidal - CUbe-shaped cells, as wide as they are tall
  3. Columnar - Tall and thin cells, cells are taller than they are wide
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14
Q

What type of covering/lining epithelium is located in the alveoli of the lungs and blood vessel endothelium:

A

Simple squamous

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15
Q

What type of covering/lining epithelium is located in the surface of the ovaries, kidney tubules and thyroid follicles?

A

Simple cuboidal

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16
Q

What type of covering/lining epithelium is located in the lining of the digestive tract from stomach to anus?

A

Simple columnar

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17
Q

Type of covering/lining epithelium located in the ling of nasal cavity and nasal sinuses; trachea

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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18
Q

Type of covering/lining epithelium located in keratinized: skin (epidermis) and non-keratinized: mouth, throat and esophagus:

A

Stratified squamous

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19
Q

Type of lining/covering epithelium located in the sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles

A

Stratified cuboidal

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20
Q

Type of lining/covering epithelium located in the mammary gland ducts, larynx

A

Stratified columnar

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21
Q

Type of lining or covering epithelium in the lining of the urinary bladder, urethra, ureter

A

Transitional

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22
Q

Two types of glandular epithelium:

A
  1. Endocrine gland
  2. Exocrine gland
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23
Q

Often called as the ductless glands wherein the secretions diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands

A

ENDOCRINE GLAND

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24
Q

Examples of endocrine glands:

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
PANCREAS

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25
Q

Gland that retain their ducts and their secretion empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface

A

EXOCRINE GLAND

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26
Q

Examples of exocrine glands:

A

Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Salivary glands
PANCREAS

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27
Q

Classification of exocrine gland:

A
  1. Structural classification
  2. Modes of secretion
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28
Q

Structural classification of exocrine gland:

A
  1. Simple exocrine glands - have a single, nonbranched duct
  2. Compound exocrine glands - have multiple, branched duct
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29
Q

Modes of secretion of exocrine gland:

A
  1. Merocrine - Release of secretory products by exocytosis
  2. Apocrine - release of secretory products as pinched off fragments of the gland cells 9partial removal of the cell)
  3. Holocrine - shedding of the entire cells and become part of the secretion (complete removal of the cell)
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30
Q

It supports the organs and cells, acts as a medium for exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues, protects against microorganisms, repair damaged tissues and stores fat

A

Connective tissue

31
Q

Cells of the connective tissue:

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Fat cells (Adipocytes)
  3. Blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets)
  4. Osteocytes
32
Q

Most common cells in connective tissue, responsible for tissue repair and wound healing

A

Fibroblasts

33
Q

connective tissue that is specialized for storing energy, and in cushioning and insulating the body

A

Fat cells (adipocytes)

34
Q

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue

A

Osteocytes

35
Q

Special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched

A

Transitional

36
Q

Ground substance: protein fibers matrix in connective tissue:

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
37
Q

protein fiber that provides tensile strength, making tissues resistant to stretching:

A

Collagen fibers

38
Q

Protein fiber that form a fine meshwork that supports soft tissues like liver, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs

A

Reticular fibers

39
Q

Protein fiber that grants elasticity, allowing tissues like skin, lungs and arteries to return to their original shape after stretching or contracting

A

Elastic fibers

40
Q

Classification of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Supporting connective tissue
  3. Fluid connective tissue
41
Q

Connective tissue proper classification:

A

Connective tissue proper classification:
1. Loose connective tissue
2. Dense connective tissue

42
Q

Loose connective tissue includes:

A
  1. Areolar tissue
  2. Adipose tissue
  3. Reticular tissue
43
Q

MOST WIDELY DISTRIBUTED connective that functions as a universal connective tissue “glue” that helps pack and hold the internal organs in their proper positions

A

Areolar tissue

44
Q

Has adipocytes; functions in energy storage, and protection

A

Adipose tissue

45
Q

Is a network of reticular fibers that forms the framework of lymphatic tissue, bone marrow, and the liver

A

Reticular tissue

46
Q

Dense connective tissue includes:

A

Tendons - attaches skeletal muscle to the bones
Ligaments - connect bones to bones at joints

47
Q

Supporting connective tissue classification:

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone
48
Q

The cartilage includes:

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic cartilage
49
Q

most common type of cartilage, can be found in nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings; most articular surfaces and sternal ends of the ribs; forms the precursor of bone in the developing skeleton

A

Hyaline cartilage

50
Q

INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS; in association with dense collagenous tissue in joint capsules; in ligaments and in the connections of some tendons to bone

A

Fibrocartilage

51
Q

External ear and external auditory canal, epiglottis’ parts of the laryngeal cartilages; walls of Eustachian tubes

A

Elastic cartilage

52
Q

Sometimes called OSSEUS TISSUE, composed of bone cells sitting in cavities called LACUNAE and surrounded by layers of a very hard matric that contains calcium salts in addition to large number of collagen fibers:

53
Q

Types of BONE:

A
  1. Spongy bone - provides structural support and protects the bone marrow
  2. Compact bone - provides strength, supports the body’s weight and facilitating movement
54
Q

Fluid connective tissue includes:

A
  1. BLOOD
  2. HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE
    - Red marrow - produce new blood cells
    - Yellow marrow - stores lipids

Note: As children grow, YELLOW MARROW replaces much of the red marrow in bones

55
Q

Highly specialized to contract, or shorten, to produce movement:

A

Muscular tissue

56
Q

Muscle types and their control:

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE - VOLUNTARY
CARDIAC MUSCLE - INVOLUNTARY
SMOOTH MUSCLE/VISCERAL MUSCLE- INVOLUNTARY

57
Q

Long, cylindrical, MULTINUCLEATED, WITH STRIATIONS

A

Skeletal muscle

58
Q

Short, UNINUCLEATED, WITH STRIATIONS and branching cells that fit together at junctions called INTERCALATED DISCS

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

59
Q

Fixative of choice for cardiac muscle tissue to visualize intercalated discs:

A

HELLY’S FLUID (ZENKER-FORMOL)

60
Q

UNINUCLEATED and SPINDLE-SHAPED, WITH STRIATIONS

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE/ VISCERAL MUSCLE

61
Q

Receives and conducts electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another; thus, IRRITABILITY and CONDUCTIVITY are their two major function:

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

62
Q

Comprises the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing and integrating information

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

63
Q

Consists of all nerves outside the CNS, facilitating communication between the CNS and the rest f the body

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

64
Q

Cells of the nervous tissue:

A
  1. Neurons (nerve cell) - conduct electrical impulses; FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF CNS and PNS
  2. Neuroglial cells (Supporting cells) - Support, nurture, and protect the neurons
65
Q

Basic parts of a neuon:

A
  1. Cell body - primarily the TROPHIC CENTER
  2. Dendrites - PRINCIPAL SIGNAL RECEPTION and PROCESSING SITES on neurons
  3. Axon - MAIN CONDUCTING UNIT of a neuron
66
Q

Morphological classification of neurons:

A
  1. Bipolar neuron
  2. Multipolar neuron
  3. Unipolar (Pseudounipolar) neuron
  4. Anaxonic neuron
67
Q

Possess a SINGLE AXON and a SINGLE DENDRITE

A

Bipolar Neuron

68
Q

Possess a SINGLE AXON and MORE THAN ONE DENDRITE; MOST COMMON

A

Multipolar Neuron

69
Q

Possess a SINGLE PROCESS that extends from the cell body and subsequently branches into an axon and dendrite

A

Unipolar (Pseudounipolar) Neuron

70
Q

Possess MORE THAN ONE DENDRITE but NO TRUE AXON

A

Anaxonic Neuron

71
Q

The connective tissue originate form which germinal or embryonic tissue?

A. Ectoderm
B. Endoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Lipoderm

A

C. Mesoderm (also known as mesenchyme)

72
Q

What type of epithelium forms the linings of the urinary bladder, the ureters and part of the urethra which are all organs which are subject to considerable stretching?

A. Stratified squamous
B. Transitional
C. Stratified cuboidal
D. Stratified columnar

A

B. Transitional

73
Q

All are elastic cartilage EXCEPT:

A. Intervertebral disc
B. External ear
C. Walls of the Eustachian tubes
D. Epiglottis

A

A. Intervertebral disc

74
Q

Identify the muscle tissue described as follows
**Involuntary control
**Uninucleated
**With intercalated discs

A. Skeletal
B. Cardiac
C. Visceral
D. Smooth

A

B. Cardiac

HISTOPATHOLOGY (TopnotcherQT) (26 decks)

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