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HISTOPATHOLOGY (TopnotcherQT) > PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY Flashcards

memorization

1
Q

The study of the structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs; study of suffering

A

Pathology

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2
Q

Father of modern Pathology:

A

Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow

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3
Q

Term for diseases of unknown origin:

A

Idiopathic

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4
Q

Origin of the disease/causative agent

A

Etiology

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5
Q

Refers to the sequence of events that follow the exposure of cells or tissues to an injurious agent

A

Pathogenesis

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6
Q

Refers to the structural alterations in cells or tissues that are either characteristic of a disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process

A

Morphologic changes

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7
Q

The END RESULT of genetic, biochemical and structural changes in cells and are functional abnormalities which leads to the clinical manifestations of disease, as well as its progress

A

Clinical manifestations

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8
Q

Difference of signs and symptoms:

A

Signs - OBJECTIVE evidence of the disease; physical observations

Symptoms - SUBJECTIVE evidence of the disease; experienced by the patient

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9
Q

The sum total of changes in the living tissues, in response yo an injurious agent

A

Inflammation

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10
Q

Five cardinal signs of inflammation:

A
  1. Rubor - Redness - increase rate of blood flow
  2. Tumor - Swelling - increase capillary permeability
  3. Calor - Heat - transfer of internal heat
  4. Dolor - Pain - pressure upon sensory nerve
  5. Function laesa - Loss of function - Pain interference
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11
Q

Classification of Inflammation according to severity or duration:

A
  1. Acute inflammation
  2. Chronic inflammation
  3. Subchronic inflammation
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12
Q

Inflammation of sudden onset, characterized with 5 cardinal signs

A

Acute inflammation

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13
Q

Predominant cells in Acute Inflammation:

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

Inflammation that involves persistence of injurious agent for weeks or years characterized by proliferation:

A

Chronic inflammation

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15
Q

predominant cells in Chronic Inflammation:

A

Mononuclear cells (plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes)

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16
Q

Inflammation that represents integrade between acute and chronic inflammation

A

Subchronic inflammation

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17
Q

Classification of inflammation according to type of exudate:

A
  1. Serous inflammation
  2. Hemorrhagic inflammation
  3. Fibrinous inflammation
  4. Purulent inflammation
  5. Catarrhal inflammation
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18
Q

Characterized by extensive outpouring of WATERY, LOW PROTEIN-FLUID derived from either the blood serum or secretions from serosal mesothelial cells (example: blister)

A

Serous inflammation

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19
Q

Characterized by the admixture of BLOOD and elements of exudates

A

Hemorrhagic inflammation

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20
Q

Characterized by exudation of large amounts of FIBRINOGEN and precipitation of fibrin masses

A

Fibrinous inflammation

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21
Q

Characterized by the production of large amount of PUS or purulent exudates:

A

Purulent inflammation

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22
Q

Characterized by HYPERSECRECTION OF MUCOSA with degenerative changes in the epithelium

A

Catarrhal inflammation

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23
Q

Defined as a DISRUPTION of the normal anatomical structure and function of the SKIN or other tissues in the body;

A

WOUND

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24
Q

Injuries where the SKIN IS BROKEN exposing underlying tissues to the environment

A

OPEN WOUNDS

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25
Q

Types of OPEN WOUNDS:

A
  1. Puncture
  2. Incision
  3. Laceration
  4. Abrasion
  5. Avulsion
  6. Amputation

mnemonic: “OPEN ang mall” - “PILAAA” bago pumasok

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26
Q

Open wound caused by sharp object that deeply penetrates the skin:

A

Puncture wound

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27
Q

Open wound caused by sharp-edged object:

A

Incision

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28
Q

Torn or jagged wounds caused by tearing of the skin via external force:

A

Laceration

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29
Q

Open wound caused by FRICTION AGAINST A ROUGH SURFACE:

A

Abrasion

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30
Q

Partial or complete tearing away of the skin causing the separation of the skin from tissue

A

Avulsion

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31
Q

Complete detachment of limb

A

Amputation

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32
Q

Injuries where the SKIN REMAINS INTACT, but there is damage to underlying tissues; these wounds may not be immediately visible, making them potentially more dangerous if not diagnosed:

A

Closed wounds

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33
Q

types of closed wounds:

A
  1. Blister
  2. Hematoma
  3. Contusions
  4. Crush-injuries
  5. Seroma

mnemonic: “CLOSED” ang mall - BaHa, kaya Closed, sayang may Class Suspension pa naman

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34
Q

Fluid-filled sac that forms between the upper layers of the skin, usually as a result of friction, burns, or other types of trauma:

A

Blister

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35
Q

Blood-filled area that develops under the skin/tissue

A

Hematoma

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36
Q

Blunt trauma due to damaged small blood vessels

A

Contusions

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37
Q

Due to squeezing between two surfaces of the body

A

Crush-injuries

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38
Q

Fluid-filled area that develops under the skin/tissue

A

Seroma

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39
Q

THREE ABNORMALITIES IN CELL GROWTH:

A
  1. Retrogressive changes
  2. Progressive changes
  3. Degenerative changes
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40
Q

Abnormal cell growth where organs or tissues are smaller than normal:

A

Retrogressive changes

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41
Q

Abnormal cell growth where organs or tissues are larger than normal

A

Progressive changes

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42
Q

Abnormal cell growth where organs or tissues have problems in cellular growth patterns

A

Degenerative changes

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43
Q

Types of RETROGRESSIVE CHANGES:

A
  1. Aplasia
  2. Agenesia
  3. Atresia
  4. Atrophy
  5. Hypoplasia
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44
Q

Retrogressive change characterized by incomplete or defective development of a tissue or organ

A

Aplasia

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45
Q

Retrogressive change characterized by complete non-appearance of an organ

A

Agenesia

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46
Q

Retrogressive change characterized by failure of an organ to form an opening

A

Atresia

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47
Q

Retrogressive change characterized by acquired decrease in size of a normally developed or mature tissue or organ. It can be PHYSIOLOGIC or PATHOLOGIC

A

Atrophy

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48
Q

Retrogressive change characterized by failure of an organ to reach or achieve its full mature or adult size due to incomplete development

A

Hypoplasia

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49
Q

Types of PROGRESSIVE CHANGES:

A
  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Hyperplasia
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50
Q

Increase in size of tissues or organs due to INCREASE IN THE SIZE of individual cells:

A

Hypertrophy

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51
Q

Usually observed in the skeletal muscles, heart, kidney, endocrine organs and smooth muscles of hollow viscera due to increased work load and endocrine. Examples include
- Uterine hypertrophy during pregnancy
- Bulging muscles of bodybuilders

A

Physiologic hypertrophy

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52
Q

Due to edema fluid and connective tissue proliferation, Examples include:
- Enlargement of the heart in response to pressure overload

A

Pathologic hypertrophy

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53
Q

Involves one of the paired organs when the other opposite organ has been removed or suffered from functional insufficiency

A

Compensatory hypertrophy

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54
Q

Increase in size of an organ or tissue due to INCREASE IN THE NUMBER of cells resulting from growth of new cells:

A

Hyperplasia

55
Q

Due to the action of hormones or growth factors occurs when there is a need to increase functional capacity of hormone sensitive organs occurring as natural phenomenon. Example include:
- ENLARGMENT OF FEMALE BREAST AT PUBERTY AND DURING PREGNANCY

A

Physiologic hyperplasia

56
Q

Caused by excessive or inappropriate actions of hormones or growth factors acting on target cells. Examples include:
- Endometrial hyperplasia which is a common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding
- Benign prostatic hypeplasia
- Viral infections, such as papillomaviruses

A

Pathological hyperplasia

57
Q

Examples of DEGENERATIVE CHANGES:

A
  1. Dysplasia
  2. Anaplasia
  3. Metaplasia
  4. Neoplasia

mnemonic: “DAMN”

58
Q

Regressive alteration in adult cells manifested by variation in size, shape and orientation, associated with chronic inflammation and protracted irritation

A

Dysplasia

59
Q

Marked regressive change in adult cells toward more primitive or embryonic cell types, utilized as a criterion toward malignancy/ example: Carcinoma

A

Anaplasia

60
Q

Reversible change involving the transformation in one type of adult cell to another

A

Metaplasia

61
Q

Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control; represents a pathologic overgrowth of the tissue:

A

Neoplasia

62
Q

IRREVERSIBLE degenerative changes:

A

Neoplasia
Anaplasia

63
Q

REVERSIBLE degenerative changes:

A

Metaplasia
Dysplasia

64
Q

Represents a pathologic condition or overgrowth of tissue and is usually autonomous in nature; means “new growth” and a new growth is called neoplasmas

A

Neoplasia

65
Q

TWO PARTS OF TUMOR:

A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Stroma
66
Q

Part of tumor that refers to the active elements of the tumor

A

Parenchyma

67
Q

Part of the tumor that refers to the connective tissue framework with lymphatic and vascular channels

A

Stroma

68
Q

Classification of TUMOR according to CAPACITY TO PRODUCE DEATH

A

Benign
Malignant

69
Q

Encapsulated’ grow slowly’ non-spreading’ minima; mitotic activity; resemble parent tissue; DO NOT PRODUCE DEATH

A

BENIGN TUMOR

70
Q

Benign tumors arising from GLANDS

A

Adenoma

Mnemonic: PE ‘GA’ = Glands-Adenoma

71
Q

Benign tumors arising from EPITHELIAL SURFACES:

A

Papilloma

mnemonic: ‘PE’ GA = Papilloma-Epithelial surfaces

72
Q

Increase number of cells; invades tissue; lymphatic spread; metastasis; with nuclear structures; WILL PRODUCE DEATH

A

Malignant tumor

73
Q

Malignant tumors of EPITHELIAL tissue origin:

A

CARCINOMA

mnemonic: ‘CE’ SC = Carcinoma-Epithelial tissue

74
Q

Malignant tumors of CONNECTIVE tissue of origin

A

SARCOMA

mnemonic: CE ‘SC’ = Sarcoma-Connective tissue

75
Q

Classification of TUMOR according to HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS

A
  1. Medullary tumors
  2. Scirrhous tumors
76
Q

There are more cells than connective tissues; it is SOFT and VERY MALIGNANT

A

Medullary tumors

77
Q

There are more connective tissues than cells; it is characterized as STONY and HARD

A

Scirrhous tumors

78
Q

Suffix used for Benign Tumors:

A

-oma

79
Q

Suffix used for Malignant Tumors of Mesenchymal/Connective tissue:

A

-sarcoma

80
Q

Suffix used for Malignant Tumors of Epithelial Tissue:

A

-carcinoma

examples:
Glands and Ducts - AdenoCARCINOMA
Finger-like (warty) projections - Papillary CARCINOMA

81
Q

Grading of Tumors:

A

Differentiated Cells: Resembles NORMAL CELLS

Undifferentiated Cells: Resembles YOUNGER CELLS

82
Q

BRODERS CLASSIFICATION

Grade I
Differentiated cells:
Undifferentiated cells:
Remarks:

A

BRODERS CLASSIFICATION

Grade I
Differentiated cells: 76-100%
Undifferentiated cells: 0-25%
Remarks: Well-differentiated

83
Q

BRODERS CLASSIFICATION

Grade II
Differentiated cells:
Undifferentiated cells:
Remarks:

A

BRODERS CLASSIFICATION

Grade II
Differentiated cells: 51-75%
Undifferentiated cells: 26-50%
Remarks: Moderately-differentiated

84
Q

BRODERS CLASSIFICATION

Grade III
Differentiated cells:
Undifferentiated cells:
Remarks:

A

BRODERS CLASSIFICATION

Grade III
Differentiated cells: 26-50%
Undifferentiated cells: 51-75%
Remarks: Poorly-differentiated

85
Q

BRODERS CLASSIFICATION

Grade IV
Differentiated cells:
Undifferentiated cells:
Remarks:

A

BRODERS CLASSIFICATION

Grade IV
Differentiated cells: 0-25%
Undifferentiated cells: 76-100%
Remarks: Anaplastic/Pleomorphic

86
Q

Value of grading: Guide for treatment

LOWER GRADES:
HIGHER GRADES:

A

Value of grading: Guide for treatment

LOWER GRADES: SURGERY
HIGHER GRADES: FOR RADIATION/CHEMOTHERAPY

87
Q

General Rule in BRODER’S CLASSIFICATION:

A
  • Well-differentiated tumors are LESS MALIGNANT
  • Higher grades have generally poorer diagnosis
88
Q

STAGING OF TUMORS

Primary tumors:

A

STAGING OF TUMORS

Primary tumors:
- T = T1, T2, T3, T4: with INCREASING size of primary lesion

89
Q

STAGING OF TUMROS

Regional Lymph Nodes Involvement:

A

STAGING OF TUMROS

Regional Lymph Nodes Involvement:
- N = N0, N1, N2, N3: Indicates PROGRESSIVELY advancing nodal disease

90
Q

STAGING OF TUMROS

Metastasis:

A

STAGING OF TUMROS

Metastasis:
- M = M0, M1, M2: Whether there are distant METASTASIS (transfer of abnormal cell from one organ to another)

91
Q

TWO TYOES OF CELL DEATH:

A
  1. Cellular Death
  2. Somatic Death
92
Q

Refers to the death of individual cells and can encompass various mechanisms

A

Cellular Death

93
Q

Refers to the death of the entire organism, which ultimately results in the death of all the cells in the body

A

Somatic Death

94
Q

Types of CELLULAR DEATH:

A
  1. Apoptosis
  2. Necrobiosis
  3. Necrosis
95
Q

the PROGRAMMED cell death; often PHYSIOLOGIC, means of elimination of unwanted cells; maybe PATHOLOGIC often some forms of cell injury, especially DNA damage; Morphological identified by NUCLEAR CONDENSATION

A

APOPTOSIS

96
Q

The PHYSIOLOGIC cell death

A

NECROBIOSIS

97
Q

The PATHOLOGIC cell death

A

NECROSIS

98
Q

Basic morphologic changes/Hallmark changes seen in necrosis

Nuclear changes:

A
  1. Pyknosis
  2. Karyorrhexis
  3. Karyolysis
99
Q

Reduction in size and condensation of the nucleus:

A

Pyknosis

100
Q

Segmentation and fragmentation of the nucleus:

A

Karyorrhexis

101
Q

Dissolution of the nucleus:

A

Karyolysis

102
Q

Large and granular (cloudy swelling), more acidophilic, dense and opaque, cell boundary is lost, granular coagulation and fragmentation

A

Cytoplasmic changes

103
Q

Types of necrosis according to location or extent:

A
  1. Focal necrosis
  2. Massive necrosis
104
Q

Necrosis that involves a SPECIFIC organ or a particular structure:

A

Focal necrosis

105
Q

Necrosis that involves the WHOLE or GREATER part of the organ

A

Massive necrosis

106
Q

Types of necrosis according to morphologic changes:

A
  1. Coagulative necrosis
  2. Liquefactive necrosis
  3. Fat necrosis
  4. Caseous necrosis
  5. Gangrenous necrosis
107
Q

Most common type of necrosis; characterized by TOMBSTONE FORMATION; usually encountered when the ARTERIAL SUPPLY IS CUT OFF anemic or ischemic infarction; also seen in myocardial infarction

A

COAGULATIVE NECROSIS

108
Q

Caused by RAPID TOTAL ENZYMATIC DISSOLUTION of the cells with complete destruction of the entire cell; Seen in BACTERIAL INFECTIONS which lead to the formation of pus, probably due to the release of proteolytic enzymes; most commonly encountered in the BRAIN causing HYPOXIC DEATH OF CNS

A

LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS

109
Q

Involves the peculiar destruction of tissue particularly found in PANCREATIC DEGENERATION resulting to the release of lipase; morphologically, the tissue is characterized by presence of a dull, opaque circumscribed, flat area with CHALKY WHITE PRECIPITATE

A

FAT NECROSIS

110
Q

SOFT, FRIABLE CHEESE appearance in its gross state; highly associated with TUBERCULOSIS, also in syphilis, tularemia, and lymphagranuloma inguinale

A

CASEOUS NECROSIS

111
Q

Refers to the MASSIVE DEATH OR NECROSIS OF TISSUE caused by combination of ischemia and superimposed bacterial infection

A

GANGRENOUS NECROSIS

112
Q

DRY gangrene is caused by:

A

Arterial occlusion (ex. Hands)

113
Q

WET gangrene is caused by:

A

Venous occlusion (ex. Foot -DM)

114
Q

Primary changes of death (somatic death):

A
  1. NERVOUS FAILURE
    - loss of coordination of various functions, chiefly loss of reflexes
  2. CIRCULATORY FAILURE
    - occur when cardiac function ceases, absence of pulse and heartbeat
  3. RESPIRATORY FAILURE
    - absence of oxygen and accumulation of carbon dioxide with loss of oxidative process needed for life

mnemonic: NCR

115
Q

Secondary changes of death (somatic death):

A
  1. Algor mortis
  2. Rigor mortis
  3. Livor mortis
  4. Post-mortem clot
  5. Desiccation
  6. Putrefaction
  7. Autolysis
116
Q

FIRST DEMONSTRABLE CHANGE observed, characterized by COOLING OF THE BODY, occurRing at definite rate of about 7F/hour and usually important in establishing APPROXIMATE TIME OF DEATH

A

ALGOR MORTIS

117
Q

Refers to the RIGIDITY OR STIFFENING of the muscle occurring about 6-12 HOURS after death and persisting for 3-4 DAYS. Change is first seen in the MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, later spreading towards the lower extremities, and subsequently disappearing in the same sequence

A

RIGOR MORTIS

118
Q

PURPLISH DISCOLORATION of the body due to STASIS and eventual SETTLING DOWN of blood into blood vessels

A

LIVOR MORTIS

119
Q

Difference between LIVOR MORTIS and ECCHYMOSIS

Application of pressure:
Oozing blood upon incision:
Location:

A

Difference between LIVOR MORTIS and ECCHYMOSIS

Application of pressure
LM: discoloration DISAPPEARS UPON PRESSURE and reappears upon release
ECCHYMOSIS: No changes

Oozing blood upon incision:
LM: POSITIVE (+)
ECCHYMOSIS: NEGATIVE (-)

Location:
LM: BLOOD VESSELS
ECCHYMOSIS: TISSUE

120
Q

Occurs slowly, IMMEDIATELY AFTER DEATH, and may sometimes complicate the determination of the cause of death, particularly regarding the differentiation between post-mortem clots or thrombi

A

POST-MORTEM CLOT

121
Q

Immediately after death;
“Chicken Fat” appearance
“Currant Jelly” shaped blood vessels
“Rubbery” consistency

A

POST-MORTEM CLOT

122
Q

Before death;
Friable
Tangled, irregular fashion
Detachable, do not have a rubbery consistency

A

ANTE-MORTEM CLOT

123
Q

DRYING and WRINKLING OF THE CORNEA and anterior chamber of eye due to absorption of the aqueous humor

A

DESICCATION

124
Q

This is characterized by production of FOUL-SMELLING GASES due to the invasion of the tissue by multiplying saprophytic organisms

A

PUTREFACTION

125
Q

SELF-DIGESTION of cells

A

AUTOLYSIS

126
Q

All are signs of someone who has COVID-19, EXCEPT:

A. Loss of test
B. Productive cough
C. Fever
D. Positive SARC-COV-2 antigen

A

A. Loss of taste - Symptom, not sign

127
Q

Rubor: Redness; Calor:

A. Swelling
B. Pain
C. Heat
D. Loss of function

A

C. Heat

128
Q

Which of the following wounds is caused by friction against a rough surface?

A. Laceration
B. Contusion
C. Hematoma
D. Abrasion

A

D. Abrasion

129
Q

Which among the choices below is a closed wound?

A. Abrasion
B. Laceration
C. Hematoma
D. Amputation

A

C. Hematoma

130
Q

What progressive change is characterized by an increase in size of tissues or organs due to increase in the size of individual cells?

A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypoplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Neoplasia

A

C. Hypertrophy

131
Q

Which of the following is an IRREVERSEIBLE change of tissue?

A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Neoplasia

A

D. Neoplasia - 1st choice!

C. Anaplasia is also irreversible but the first choice must be Neoplasia

Neoplasia - 1st choice
Anaplasia - 2nd choice

132
Q

What is the malignant tumor of epithelial tissue origin, which have less tendency to produce supporting tissue/stroma?

A. Sarcoma
B. Carcinoma
C. Adenoma
D. Papilloma

A

B. Carcinoma

133
Q

What is the physiologic cell death?

A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Necrosis and Apoptosis
D. Somatic death

A

B. Apoptosis #1 NECROBIOSIS

note: Apoptosis is OFTEN PHYSIOLOGIC, means of elimination of unwanted cells; MAYBE PATHOLOGIC often some forms of cell injury, especially DNA damage’ It is morphological identified by NUCLEAR CONDENSATION.

134
Q

Somatic death refers to the death or complete cessation of metabolic and functional activities of the organism or the body as a whole. What are the primary changes of death?

A. Nervous and circulatory failure
B. Respiratory failure
C. Nervous, Circulatory and Respiratory failure
D. AOTA

A

D. AOTA (all of the above)

HISTOPATHOLOGY (TopnotcherQT) (26 decks)

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