Special Senses (last Topic Before Midterms) Flashcards
What is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment ?
Sensation
is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment. The nature of the sensation and the type of reaction generated vary according to the ultimate destination of nerve impulses (action potentials) that convey sensory information to the CNS. Sensory impulses that reach the spinal cord may serve as input for spinal reflexes, such as the stretch reflex you learned about in Chapter 13. Sensory impulses that reach the lower brainstem elicit more complex reflexes, such as changes in heart rate or breathing rate. When sen- sory impulses reach the cerebral cortex, we become consciously aware of the sensory stimuli and can precisely locate and identify spe- cific sensations such as touch, pain, hearing, or taste. As you learned
What is the conscious interpretation of sensations performed mainly by the cerebral cortex ?
Perception
is the conscious interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex. We have no perception of some sensory information because it never reaches the cerebral cortex. For example, certain sensory receptors constantly monitor the pressure of blood in blood vessels. Because the nerve impulses conveying blood pressure information propagate to the car- diovascular center in the medulla oblongata rather than to the cere- bral cortex, blood pressure is not consciously perceived.
What term defines this description ?
We know that visually something changed / happened infront of us or (on our devices[phone], or environment) but we dont know what it is
(We could be subcontiously aware)
Sensation
is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment. The nature of the sensation and the type of reaction generated vary according to the ultimate destination of nerve impulses (action potentials) that convey sensory information to the CNS. Sensory impulses that reach the spinal cord may serve as input for spinal reflexes, such as the stretch reflex you learned about in Chapter 13. Sensory impulses that reach the lower brainstem elicit more complex reflexes, such as changes in heart rate or breathing rate. When sen- sory impulses reach the cerebral cortex, we become consciously aware of the sensory stimuli and can precisely locate and identify spe- cific sensations such as touch, pain, hearing, or taste. As you learned
By utilizing this term we understand a change or a sensation of change that it is a picture of an actor
Perception
is the conscious interpretation of sensa- tions and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex. We have no perception of some sensory information because it never reaches the cerebral cortex. For example, certain sensory receptors constantly monitor the pressure of blood in blood vessels. Because the nerve impulses conveying blood pressure information propagate to the car- diovascular center in the medulla oblongata rather than to the cere- bral cortex, blood pressure is not consciously perceived.
What do you call each type of sensation’s like?
(What are all of these things called?)
Touch
Vision
Pain
Hearing
Etc
Sensory Modalities
What are the 2 classifications of sensory modality?
General Senses
Special Senses
What senses include the somatic senses and visceral senses?
General Senses
(Not sure on this info)
refer to both somatic senses and visceral senses. Somatic senses (somat- = of the body) include tactile sen- sations (touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle), thermal sensa- tions (warm and cold), pain sensations, and proprioceptive sensations. Proprioceptive sensations allow perception of both the static (nonmoving) positions of limbs and body parts (joint and muscle position sense) and movements of the limbs and head.
What are the sensations that are felt on our body?
Somatic Senses
(Not sure on this info)
include tactile sen- sations (touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle), thermal sensa- tions (warm and cold), pain sensations, and proprioceptive sensations. Proprioceptive sensations allow perception of both the static (nonmoving) positions of limbs and body parts (joint and muscle position sense) and movements of the limbs and head.
What senses are associated with your internal organs?
Visceral Senses
provide information about conditions within internal organs, for example, pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, and temperature.
What senses include these sensory modalities?
Smell
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Equilibrium
Special Senses
What is the first step (the beginning step) of the process of sensation?
- Stimulation of the Sensory Receptors
An appropriate stimulus must occur within the sensory receptor’s receptive field, that is, the body region where stimulation activates the receptor and produces a response.
What type of process is this?
- Stimulation of the sensory receptors
- Transudction of the stimulus
- Generation of nerve impulses
- Integration of sensory input
Process of Sensation
When the sensory receptor is stimulated, It will convert the energy from the stimuli into your action potential and that is your what?
Transduction of the stimulus
A sensory receptor converts the energy in the stimulus into a graded potential, a process known as transduction. Recall that graded potentials vary in amplitude (size), depending on the strength of the stimulus that causes them, and are not propagated. (See Section 12.3 to review the differ- ences between action potentials and graded potentials.) Each type of sensory receptor exhibits selectivity: It can transduce (convert) only one kind of stimulus. For example, odorant molecules in the air stimulate olfactory (smell) receptors in the nose, which trans- duce the molecules’ chemical energy into electrical energy in the form of a graded potential.
What is the second step of the process of sensation?
- Transduction of the stimulus
A sensory receptor converts the energy in the stimulus into a graded potential, a process known as transduction. Recall that graded potentials vary in amplitude (size), depending on the strength of the stimulus that causes them, and are not propagated. (See Section 12.3 to review the differ- ences between action potentials and graded potentials.) Each type of sensory receptor exhibits selectivity: It can transduce (convert) only one kind of stimulus. For example, odorant molecules in the air stimulate olfactory (smell) receptors in the nose, which trans- duce the molecules’ chemical energy into electrical energy in the form of a graded potential.
What is the third step of the process of sensation?
- Generation of nerve impulses
When a graded potential in a sen- sory neuron reaches threshold, it triggers one or more nerve im- pulses, which then propagate toward the CNS. Sensory neurons that conduct impulses from the PNS into the CNS are called first- order neurons (see Section 16.3).
What is the forth step of the process of sensation?
- Integration of sensory input
The conversion of the energy from your stimuli becomes your action potential which is reaching a certain threshold will generate your what?
Nerve Impulse
Nerve impulses will usually be directed into your (1)_____ wherein that impulse will be (2)_______
- CNS
- Integrated / Processed
Your on a date and someone touches your hand, you feel the sensation of touch upon what stage you realized “oh its my 7th girlfriend touching my hand”?
What was being stimulated in the sensory receptor
- Tactile touch
- Integration of sensory input
What are the structures that recognize and accept sensory stimuli?
Sensory Receptors
______________________
Types of Sensory Receptors Several structural and functional characteristics of sensory receptors can be used to group them into different classes. These include (1) microscopic structure, (2) location of the receptors and the origin of stimuli that activate them, and (3) type of stimulus detected.
What can either be free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings or separated cells?
Sensory Receptors
______________________
Types of Sensory Receptors Several structural and functional characteristics of sensory receptors can be used to group them into different classes. These include (1) microscopic structure, (2) location of the receptors and the origin of stimuli that activate them, and (3) type of stimulus detected.
What are bare dendrites that are used to detect pain, temperature, tickle, itch and some touch sensations?
free nerve endings
What are bare (uncapsulated) (meaning there’s no capsule on the) dendrites that are used to detect pain, temperature, tickle, itch and some touch sensations?
(Different interpretation)
are bare (not encapsulated) dendrites; they lack any structural specializations that can be seen under a light microscope (
What specialized sensory receptors, encased in connective tissue, are responsible for detecting pressure, vibration, and some touch in the body?
Encapsulated nerve endings
Their dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule that has a distinctive microscopic structure—for example, lamellated cor- puscles
When the dendrites are inside a connective tissue capsule they are what?
(Very easy….bro..🤣)
Encapsulated Nerve Endings
Their dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule that has a distinctive microscopic structure—for example, lamellated cor- puscles
What are sensory receptors for some special senses are specialized?
Separate cells
separate cells that synapse with sensory neurons. These include hair cells for hearing and equilibrium in the inner ear, gustatory receptors in taste buds (Figure 16.1c) and photoreceptors in the retina of the eye for vision. The olfactory recep- tors for the sense of smell are not separate cells; instead, they are located in olfactory cilia, which are hair like structures that project from the dendrite of an olfactory receptor cell (a type of neuron).
What are not part of the sensory cell but they synapse with your sensory neurons?
Seperate Cells
separate cells that synapse with sensory neurons. These include hair cells for hearing and equilibrium in the inner ear, gustatory receptors in taste buds (Figure 16.1c) and photoreceptors in the retina of the eye for vision. The olfactory recep- tors for the sense of smell are not separate cells; instead, they are located in olfactory cilia, which are hair like structures that project from the dendrite of an olfactory receptor cell (a type of neuron).
What term include?
Gustatory Receptor Cells
Photoreceptors
Hair Cells
Separate Cells
separate cells that synapse with sensory neurons. These include hair cells for hearing and equilibrium in the inner ear, gustatory receptors in taste buds (Figure 16.1c) and photoreceptors in the retina of the eye for vision. The olfactory recep- tors for the sense of smell are not separate cells; instead, they are located in olfactory cilia, which are hair like structures that project from the dendrite of an olfactory receptor cell (a type of neuron).
what are specialized cells or nerve endings that detect and respond to different kinds of stimuli, such as light, sound, temperature, chemicals, pressure, and pain? (3)
Exteroreceptors
Interoreceptors
Proprioceptors
• Exteroceptors (EKS-ter-ō-sep′-tors) are located at or near the external surface of the body; they are sensitive to stimuli origi- nating outside the body and provide information about the external environment. The sensations of hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain are conveyed by exteroceptors.
• Interoceptors (IN-ter-ō-sep′-tors) or visceroceptors are located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and the nervous system and monitor conditions in the internal environment. The nerve impulses produced by interoceptors usually are not consciously perceived; occasionally, however, activation of interoceptors by strong stimuli may be felt as pain or pressure.
• Proprioceptors (PRŌ-prē-ō-sep′-tors) are located in muscles, ten- dons, joints, and the inner ear. They provide information about body position, muscle length and tension, and the position and move- ment of your joints.
What pertains to the sensory receptors that are located at or near the external surface of the body?
Exteroreceptors
They may recognize tactile stimulation
are located at or near the external surface of the body; they are sensitive to stimuli origi- nating outside the body and provide information about the external environment. The sensations of hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain are conveyed by exteroceptors.
What is also known as visceroceptors receptors which monitors the condition inside the internal environment?
Interoceptors
are located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and the nervous system and monitor conditions in the internal environment. The nerve impulses produced by interoceptors usually are not consciously perceived; occasionally, however, activation of interoceptors by strong stimuli may be felt as pain or pressure.
What recognizes body or joint position and sometimes even movement?
Proprioceptors
are located in muscles, ten- dons, joints, and the inner ear. They provide information about body position, muscle length and tension, and the position and move- ment of your joints.
Receptors may also be grouped based on location of the receptors and the origin of the stimuli that activate them.
What are these receptors? (6)
- Mechanoreceptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Nociceptors
- Photoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
- Osmoreceptors
What are detectors that detect mechanical stimuli so this include sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, etc?
Mechanoreceptors
are sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as the deformation, stretching, or bending of cells. Mechanoreceptors pro- vide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, and hearing and equilibrium. They also monitor the stretching of blood vessels and internal organs.
Within the type of stimulus detected, what detect changes in temperature?
Thermoreceptors
Within the type of stimulus detected, what responds to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue?
Nociceptors
Within the type of stimulus detected, what detects light that strikes the retina of the eye?
Photoreceptors
Within the type of stimulus detected, what detects chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids?
Chemoreceptors
Within the type of stimulus detected, What detects the osmotic pressure of body fluids?
Osmoreceptors
Within the type of stimulus detected, What senses osmotic pressure of body fluids?
Osmoreceptors
Somatic sensations are divided into (4)
- Tactile
- Thermal
- Pain
- Proprioceptive
Within the Somatic sensations, what pertains to touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle
tactile sensations
Although we perceive differences among these sensations, they arise by activation of some of the same types of receptors. Several types of encapsulated mechanoreceptors attached to large-diameter myelinated A fibers mediate sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration. Other tactile sensations, such as itch and tickle sensations, are detected by free nerve endings attached to small-diameter, unmyelinated C fibers. Recall that larger-diameter, myelinated axons propagate nerve impulses more rapidly than do smaller-diameter, unmyelinated axons. Tactile receptors in the skin or subcutaneous layer include corpuscles of touch, hair root plexuses, type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors, type II cutaneous mechanore- ceptors, lamellated corpuscles, and free nerve endings
Thermal Sensations consists of?(2)
- Cold receptors
- Warm receptors
What are thermal sensations that are activated at temperatures between 10° and 35°C (50–95°F) activate cold receptors?
Cold receptors
are located in the stratum basale of the epider- mis and are attached to medium-diameter, myelinated A fibers, although a few connect to small-diameter, unmyelinated C fibers.
What are thermal sensations that are activated at between 30° and 45°C (86–113°F).
Warm receptors
which are not as abundant as cold receptors, are located in the dermis and are attached to small-diameter, unmyelinated C fibers
Within tactile receptors there are several receptors
These are Sensory receptors located at the skin
What are these? (6)
- Free nerve ending - senses pain, itch, tickle, cold, or warmth.
- Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (tactile disc) - senses continuous touch and pressure.
- Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) - senses onset of touch and low-frequency vibrations.
- Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) - senses skin stretching and pressure.
- Hair root plexus - senses movements on skin surface that disturb hairs.
- Lamellated (pacinian) - corpuscle senses high- frequency vibrations.
Which sensory receptors of the skin senses pain, itch, tickle, cold, or warmth?
Free nerve ending
- Free nerve ending - senses pain, itch, tickle, cold, or warmth.
- Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (tactile disc) - senses continuous touch and pressure.
- Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) - senses onset of touch and low-frequency vibrations.
- Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) - senses skin stretching and pressure.
- Hair root plexus - senses movements on skin surface that disturb hairs.
- Lamellated (pacinian) - corpuscle senses high- frequency vibrations.
Which sensory receptors of the skin senses continuous touch and pressure?
Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (tactile disc)
- Free nerve ending - senses pain, itch, tickle, cold, or warmth.
- Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (tactile disc) - senses continuous touch and pressure.
- Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) - senses onset of touch and low-frequency vibrations.
- Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) - senses skin stretching and pressure.
- Hair root plexus - senses movements on skin surface that disturb hairs.
- Lamellated (pacinian) - corpuscle senses high- frequency vibrations.
Which sensory receptors of the skin senses onset of touch and low-frequency vibrations?
Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle)
- Free nerve ending - senses pain, itch, tickle, cold, or warmth.
- Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (tactile disc) - senses continuous touch and pressure.
- Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) - senses onset of touch and low-frequency vibrations.
- Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) - senses skin stretching and pressure.
- Hair root plexus - senses movements on skin surface that disturb hairs.
- Lamellated (pacinian) - corpuscle senses high- frequency vibrations.
Which sensory receptors of the skin senses skin stretching and pressure?
Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle)
- Free nerve ending - senses pain, itch, tickle, cold, or warmth.
- Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (tactile disc) - senses continuous touch and pressure.
- Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) - senses onset of touch and low-frequency vibrations.
- Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) - senses skin stretching and pressure.
- Hair root plexus - senses movements on skin surface that disturb hairs.
- Lamellated (pacinian) - corpuscle senses high- frequency vibrations.
Which sensory receptors of the skin senses onset of touch and low frequency vibrations?
Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle)
- Free nerve ending - senses pain, itch, tickle, cold, or warmth.
- Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (tactile disc) - senses continuous touch and pressure.
- Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) - senses onset of touch and low-frequency vibrations.
- Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) - senses skin stretching and pressure.
- Hair root plexus - senses movements on skin surface that disturb hairs.
- Lamellated (pacinian) - corpuscle senses high- frequency vibrations.
Which sensory receptors of the skin corpuscle senses high frequency vibrations?
Lamellated (pacinian)
- Free nerve ending - senses pain, itch, tickle, cold, or warmth.
- Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (tactile disc) - senses continuous touch and pressure.
- Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) - senses onset of touch and low-frequency vibrations.
- Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) - senses skin stretching and pressure.
- Hair root plexus - senses movements on skin surface that disturb hairs.
- Lamellated (pacinian) - corpuscle senses high- frequency vibrations.
What is the term for the phenomenon where patients who have had a limb amputated may still experience sensations in the missing limb?
Phantom Limb Sensation
Patients who have had a limb amputated may still experience sensations such as itching, pressure, tingling, or pain as if the limb were still there. This phenomenon is called phantom limb sensation. Although the limb has been removed, severed endings of sensory axons are still present in the remain- ing stump. If these severed endings are activated, the cerebral cortex inter- prets the sensation as coming from the sensory receptors in the nonexisting (phantom) limb. Another explanation for phantom limb sensation is that the area of the cerebral cortex that previously received sensory input from the missing limb undergoes extensive functional reorganization that allows it to respond to stimuli from another body part. The remodeling of this cortical area is thought to give rise to false sensory perceptions from the missing limb. Phantom limb pain can be very distressing to an amputee. Many report that the pain is severe or extremely intense, and that it often does not respond to traditional pain medication therapy. In such cases, alternative treatments may include electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture, and biofeedback.
In phantom limb sensation, although the limb has been removed, severed endings of sensory axons are still present in the remain- ing stump. T or F?
T
If these severed endings are activated, the cerebral cortex inter- prets the sensation as coming from the sensory receptors in the nonexisting (phantom) limb. Another explanation for phantom limb sensation is that the area of the cerebral cortex that previously received sensory input from the missing limb undergoes extensive functional reorganization that allows it to respond to stimuli from another body part. The remodeling of this cortical area is thought to give rise to false sensory perceptions from the missing limb. Phantom limb pain can be very distressing to an amputee. Many report that the pain is severe or extremely intense, and that it often does not respond to traditional pain medication therapy. In such cases, alternative treatments may include electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture, and biofeedback.
At the thermal sensations, if its too cold or too hot what gets activated?
Pain Receptors
What are thermal sensations that are activated at Temperatures below 10°C and above 45°C
Pain Receptors
primarily stimulate pain receptors, rather than thermoreceptors, producing painful sensations
Within the thermoreceptors, what are free nerve endings in every body tissue except brain?
Nociceptors
Nociceptors, the receptors for pain, are free nerve endings found in every tissue of the body except the brain (Figure 16.2). Intense ther- mal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli can activate nociceptors. Tissue irritation or injury releases chemicals such as prostaglandins, kinins, and potassium ions (K+) that stimulate nociceptors. Pain may persist even after a pain-producing stimulus is removed because pain- mediating chemicals linger, and because nociceptors exhibit very little adaptation. Conditions that elicit pain include excessive distension (stretching) of a structure, prolonged muscular contractions, muscle spasms, or ischemia (inadequate blood flow to an organ).
What are the two types of pain?
- Fast pain
- Slow pain
fast pain occurs very rapidly, usually within 0.1 second after a stimulus is applied, because the nerve impulses propagate along medium-diameter, myelinated A fibers. This type of pain is also known as acute, sharp, or pricking pain. The pain felt from a needle puncture or knife cut to the skin is fast pain. Fast pain is not felt in deeper tissues of the body.
The perception of slow pain, by contrast, begins a second or more after a stimulus is applied. It then gradually increases in in- tensity over a period of several seconds or minutes. Impulses for slow pain conduct along small-diameter, unmyelinated C fibers. This type of pain, which may be excruciating, is also referred to as chronic, burning, aching, or throbbing pain. Slow pain can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs. An example is the pain associated with a toothache. You can perceive the difference in onset of these two types of pain best when you injure a body part that is far from the brain because the conduction distance is long. When you stub your toe, for example, you first feel the sharp sensation of fast pain and then feel the slower, aching sensation of slow pain.
What are thermoreceptors that are free nerve endings in skin and mucous membranes of mouth, vagina, and anus?
Warm receptors and cold receptors
What type of pain is perceived a second or more after the stimulus?
Slow pain
The perception of slow pain, by contrast, begins a second or more after a stimulus is applied. It then gradually increases in in- tensity over a period of several seconds or minutes. Impulses for slow pain conduct along small-diameter, unmyelinated C fibers. This type of pain, which may be excruciating, is also referred to as chronic, burning, aching, or throbbing pain. Slow pain can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs. An example is the pain associated with a toothache. You can perceive the difference in onset of these two types of pain best when you injure a body part that is far from the brain because the conduction distance is long. When you stub your toe, for example, you first feel the sharp sensation of fast pain and then feel the slower, aching sensation of slow pain.
What type of pain is chronic, burning, aching, or throbbing pain?
Slow pain
The perception of slow pain, by contrast, begins a second or more after a stimulus is applied. It then gradually increases in in- tensity over a period of several seconds or minutes. Impulses for slow pain conduct along small-diameter, unmyelinated C fibers. This type of pain, which may be excruciating, is also referred to as chronic, burning, aching, or throbbing pain. Slow pain can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs. An example is the pain associated with a toothache. You can perceive the difference in onset of these two types of pain best when you injure a body part that is far from the brain because the conduction distance is long. When you stub your toe, for example, you first feel the sharp sensation of fast pain and then feel the slower, aching sensation of slow pain.
What type of pain that is acute, sharp, or pricking pain?
fast pain
occurs very rapidly, usually within 0.1 second after a stimulus is applied, because the nerve impulses propagate along medium-diameter, myelinated A fibers. This type of pain is also known as acute, sharp, or pricking pain. The pain felt from a needle puncture or knife cut to the skin is fast pain. Fast pain is not felt in deeper tissues of the body.
What type of pain is perceived with in 1 second?
Fast pain
occurs very rapidly, usually within 0.1 second after a stimulus is applied, because the nerve impulses propagate along medium-diameter, myelinated A fibers. This type of pain is also known as acute, sharp, or pricking pain. The pain felt from a needle puncture or knife cut to the skin is fast pain. Fast pain is not felt in deeper tissues of the body.
What type of pain conduct along small-diameter, unmyelinated C fibers.
Slow Pain
The perception of slow pain, by contrast, begins a second or more after a stimulus is applied. It then gradually increases in in- tensity over a period of several seconds or minutes. Impulses for slow pain conduct along small-diameter, unmyelinated C fibers. This type of pain, which may be excruciating, is also referred to as chronic, burning, aching, or throbbing pain. Slow pain can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs. An example is the pain associated with a toothache. You can perceive the difference in onset of these two types of pain best when you injure a body part that is far from the brain because the conduction distance is long. When you stub your toe, for example, you first feel the sharp sensation of fast pain and then feel the slower, aching sensation of slow pain.
What pain is associated with a toothache?
Slow pain
The perception of slow pain, by contrast, begins a second or more after a stimulus is applied. It then gradually increases in in- tensity over a period of several seconds or minutes. Impulses for slow pain conduct along small-diameter, unmyelinated C fibers. This type of pain, which may be excruciating, is also referred to as chronic, burning, aching, or throbbing pain. Slow pain can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs. An example is the pain associated with a toothache. You can perceive the difference in onset of these two types of pain best when you injure a body part that is far from the brain because the conduction distance is long. When you stub your toe, for example, you first feel the sharp sensation of fast pain and then feel the slower, aching sensation of slow pain.
What are pain sensations that arises from skin receptors?
superficial somatic pain
(Your free nerve endings)
What are pain sensations in the skeletal muscles, tendons and fascia cause?
deep somatic pain
stimulation of receptors in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, and fascia causes deep somatic pain. Visceral pain re- sults from stimulation of nociceptors in visceral organs. If stimulation is diffuse (involves large areas), visceral pain can be severe. Diffuse stimu- lation of visceral nociceptors might result from distension or ischemia of an internal organ. For example, a kidney stone or a gallstone might cause severe pain by obstructing and distending a ureter or bile duct.
What are pain sensations in visceral organs and internal organs?
Visceral pain
results from stimulation of nociceptors in visceral organs. If stimulation is diffuse (involves large areas), visceral pain can be severe. Diffuse stimulation of visceral nociceptors might result from distension or ischemia of an internal organ. For example, a kidney stone or a gallstone might cause severe pain by obstructing and distending a ureter or bile duct.
What are injury in one area but is felt in a different part of the body?
Referred pain
the pain is felt in or just deep to the skin that overlies the stimulated organ, or in a surface area far from the stimulated organ. This phenomenon is called referred pain. Figure 16.3 shows skin regions to which visceral pain may be referred. In general, the visceral organ involved and the area to which the pain is re- ferred are served by the same segment of the spinal cord. For example, sensory fibers from the heart, the skin superficial to the heart, and the skin along the medial aspect of the left arm enter spinal cord segments T1 to T5. Thus, the pain of a heart attack typically is felt in the skin over the heart and along the medial aspect of the left arm.
Pain sensations sometimes occur out of proportion to minor damage, persist chronically due to an injury, or even appear for no obvious reason. In such cases, analgesia (an-al-JĒ-zē-a; an- = with- out; -algesia = pain) or pain relief is needed. Analgesic drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen (for example, Advil® or Motrin®) block formation of prostaglandins, which stimulate nociceptors. Local anesthetics, such as Novocaine®, provide short-term pain relief by blocking con- duction of nerve impulses along the axons of first-order pain neurons. Morphine and other opiate drugs (drugs derived from or containing opium) alter the quality of pain perception in the brain; pain is still sensed but it is no longer perceived as being so noxious. Many pain clinics use anticonvulsant and antidepressant medications to treat those suffering from chronic pain.
Your patient is experiencing A Myocardial infection. What areas are the pain felt? Also what kind of pain?
Chest area and down the medial side of left brachii
Referred pain is (down the medial side of left brachii)
Myocardial infection(heart attack)
What is in Proprioceptive Sensations?
What term describes the recognition of body parts?
Proprioception / Proprioceptive Sensations
allow us to recognize that parts of our body belong to us (self). They also allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them, so that we can walk, type, or dress without using our eyes
What is the term used to describe the sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons?
Proprioceptors
What term allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them, so that we can walk, type, or dress without using our eyes?
proprioception
/ Proprioceptive sensations
Proprioceptors are located in muscle tendons
Proprioceptive sensations (proprius = self or one’s own) are also called proprioception (prō-prē-ō-SEP-shun). Proprioceptive sensa- tions allow us to recognize that parts of our body belong to us (self). They also allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them, so that we can walk, type, or dress without using our eyes
Proprioceptive sensations arise in receptors termed proprioceptors. Those proprioceptors embedded in muscles (especially postural muscles) and tendons inform us of the degree to which muscles are contracted, the amount of tension on tendons, and the positions of joints. Hair cells of the inner ear monitor the orienta- tion of the head relative to the ground and head position during movements. The way they provide information for maintaining bal- ance and equilibrium will be described in Chapter 17. Because most proprioceptors adapt slowly and only slightly, the brain continually receives nerve impulses related to the position of different body parts and makes adjustments to ensure coordination.
What are the Types of proprioceptors (3)
- Muscle Spindles
- Tendon Organs
- Joint Kinesthetic Receptors
Muscle spindles are the proprioceptors that monitor changes in the length of skeletal muscles and participate in stretch reflexes (shown in Figure 13.14). By adjusting how vigorously a muscle spindle responds to stretching of a skeletal muscle, the brain sets an overall level of muscle tone, the small degree of contraction that is present while the muscle is at rest.
Tendon Organs Tendon organs are slowly adapting receptors located at the junction of a tendon and a muscle. By initiating tendon reflexes (see Figure 13.15), tendon organs protect tendons and their associated muscles from damage due to excessive tension. (When a muscle contracts, it exerts a force that pulls the points of attachment of the muscle at either end toward each other. This force is the muscle tension.) Each tendon organ consists of a thin capsule of connective tissue that encloses a few tendon fascicles (bundles of collagen fibers) Penetrating the capsule are one or more sensory nerve endings that entwine among and around the collagen fibers of the tendon. When tension is applied to a muscle, the tendon organs gen- erate nerve impulses that propagate into the CNS, providing informa- tion about changes in muscle tension. The resulting tendon reflexes decrease muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation.
Joint Kinesthetic Receptors Several types of joint kin- esthetic receptors (kin′-es-THET-ik) are present within and around the articular capsules of synovial joints. Free nerve endings and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the capsules of joints respond to pressure. Small lamellated corpuscles in the connective tissue out- side articular capsules respond to acceleration and deceleration of joints during movement. Joint ligaments contain receptors similar to tendon organs that adjust reflex inhibition of the adjacent muscles when excessive strain is placed on the joint.
Table 16.2 summarizes the types of somatic sensory receptors and the sensations they convey.
What are the proprioceptors that monitor changes in the length of skeletal muscles and participate in stretch reflexes?
Muscle spindles
are the proprioceptors that monitor changes in the length of skeletal muscles and participate in stretch reflexes (shown in Figure 13.14). By adjusting how vigorously a muscle spindle responds to stretching of a skeletal muscle, the brain sets an overall level of muscle tone, the small degree of contraction that is present while the muscle is at rest.
What are found at muscular tendonous Junction it helps protect the muscle and tendons from damage due to excessive tension or over stretching ?
Tendon organs
What exists in and around the joint capsule of the sinovial joints and respond to pressure acceleration and deceleration during movement?
joint kinesthetic receptors
What receptor helps to protect strain against excessive strain?
joint kinesthetic receptors
What generally has its own separate cells which makes them special?
Special senses
Sense of Hearing, sense of touch
What is the receptors for the sense of smell?
Olfaction
What occupies the superior part of the nasal cavity, covering the inferior surface of the cribriform plate and extending along the superior nasal concha?
olfactory epithelium
The human nose contain 10 million to 100million receptors for smell in the _________ of the superior part of the nasal cavity
Olfactory Epithelium
The human nose contain 10 million to 100million receptors for smell in the
“OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM” of the superior part of the nasal cavity
What are the 3 types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?
- Basal cell
- Olfactory receptor cell
- Supporting Cell
what is the sensory cell of the olfactory epithelium?
Olfactory receptor cell
Get the stimuli/infoirmation
What continually undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells, which live for only about two months before being replaced?
Basal cells
What undergo’s mitosis to replace olfactory receptor cells?
Basel stem cells
What cell replaces old or dying olfactory receptor cells?
Basal cell
What are columnar epithelial cells of the mucous membrane lining the nose. They provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for the olfactory receptor cells and help detoxify chemicals that come in contact with the olfactory epi- thelium.
Supporting cell
What glands are your “Bowman’s glands”?
What do they produce?
What occurs afterwards ones molecules are desolved?
- olfactory glands
- Mucose
- Transduction
What term pertains to the conversion of the energy of the stimuli into action potentials?
Transduction
What will occur if once these other molecules are absorbed and noted by olfactory receptor cells?
Transduction
When transduction occurs, receptors in the nasal mucosa send impulses along branches of olfactory nerve (CN1)
What are the 4 steps?
- Through the cribriform plate
- Synapse with the olfactory bulb
- Impulses travel along the olfactory tract
- Interpretation in the primary olfactory area in the cerebral cortex (temporal lobe)
(so you will be aware of the sensation of smell)
What is the binding of an odorant molecule to an all Factory receptor protein will trigger what process?
Olfactory Transduction
What are the steps to olfactory transduction? (3)
- processes causes depolarization and
- AP travels to the primary olfactory factory
- impulse will travel to the frontal lobe in order to identify the odor
What is this process?
- Chemical reactions involving cyclic AMP (cAMP) cause depolarization
- Action potential travel to the primary olfactory area
- Impulse travel to the frontal lobe for odor identification
Olfactory Transduction
What is a chemical sense, is much simpler than olfaction in that only five primary tastes can be distinguished: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami ?
Gustation / Taste
(Part of digestive system)
What contains receptors for the sensation of taste?
Taste buds
approximately _______ taste buds on our tongue as well. as on the soft pallet the firings and your epiglotis.
10,000
approximately 10,000 taste buds on our tongue as well. as on the soft pallet the firings and your epiglotis.
What is an oval body consisting of three kinds of epithelial cells: supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, and basal cells?
taste bud
What are the 5 primary tastes?
- Sour
- Sweet
- Salt
- Bitter
- Umami
What term is described as something meaty and savory
Umami
