Lesson 2 - Orientation to the Human Body Flashcards by Deion Del Mar

complete name of instructor

Daniel Dominick G Te

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study of embryonic development

Embryology

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study of the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death ?

Developmental Biology

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study if cellular structure and functions

Cell biology

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study of microscopic structure of tissues

Histology

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study of structured that can be examined without a microscope

Gross Anatomy

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study of structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory

Systemic Anatomy

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Study of specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

regional anatomy

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study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpitations

surface anatomy

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study of internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT-scan, and other technologies for clinical analysis

imaging anatomy

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study of structural changes associated with disease

pathological anatomy

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study of functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA

Molecular physiology

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study of functional properties of nerve cells

Neurophysiology

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study of hormones and how they control body functions

endocrinology

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study of functions of the heart and blood vessels

Cardiovascular physiology

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Study of the body defenses against disease-causing agents

Immunology

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study of functions of the air passageways and lungs

respiratory physiology

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study of functions of the kidneys

Renal physiology

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study of the changes in the cell and organ functions due to physical activity

Exercise physiology

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study of functional changes associated with disease and aging

Pathophysiology

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the very basic level which includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together

Chemical level

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molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

Cellular level

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groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

Tissue level

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different types of tissues are joined together that have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

Organ level

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consists of related organs with a common function

System level

any living individual; all the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism

Organismal level

Level Of Structural organization (7 steps)

Atom - Molecule - Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism

sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

Metabolism

types of chemical processes that occur in the body (2pts)

Catabolism and Anabolism

body's ability to detect and respond to changes

Responsiveness

motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

Movement

increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both

Growth

development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

Differentiation

refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement, or the production of a new individual

Reproduction

is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment

Homeostasis

Occurs because of the ceaseless interplay of the body's regulatory systems, and is a dynamic condition

Homeostasis

An important aspect of _______________ is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids

Homeostasis

The body can regulate its internal environment through what ?

Many feedback systems

It is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, re-evaluated, and so on

Feedback System

what do you call a monitored variable?

controlled condition

any disruption that changes a controlled condition

Stimulus

monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center

Receptor

sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained

Control Center

receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

Effector

Reverses a change in a controlled condition

Negative Feedback System

Strengthens or reinforces change in a controlled condition

Positive Feedback System

Failure of the human body to maintain the physiological processes

Homeostatic Imbalances

an abnormality of structure of function results to what?

Disorder

is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

Disease

subjective changes in a body part of function

Symptoms

objective changes observable by clinicians

Signs

standard position of reference when describing any region or part of the human body

Anatomical position

body is lying facedown/on belly

Prone

body is lying faceup/on back

Supine

the body is lain supine, or flat on the back on a 15–30 degree incline with the feet elevated above the head.

Trendelenburg position

The bed angle is between 45 degrees and 60 degrees. The legs of the patient may be straight or slightly bent.

Fowlers Position

also known as sitting position

Fowler’s

the patient is lying on their right side

Right Lateral Recumbent

the patient is lying on their left side

Left Lateral Recumbent

the patient is supine on the table with their head declined below their feet at an angle of roughly 16

Trendelenburg Position

Refers to the arms and everything from the shoulders down to the hands

Upper limb/extremities (UE)

Refers to the legs and everything from the hips down to the feet

Lower limb/extremities (LE)

The region of the body that contains the skull, face, and associated structures.

Head

The area connecting the head to the rest of the body, composed of the cervical spine and soft tissues.

Neck

The central portion of the body, excluding the head, neck, and limbs. It includes the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.

Trunk

a location above or higher in position

Superior

your head is ________ to your shoulders.

Superior

front or the direction toward the front of the body

The chest is on the ________ side of the body

the back or the direction toward the back of the body

Posterior

The spine is located on the ________ side of the body

posterior

position closer to the midline of the body

Medial

your nose is more _________ compared to your ears.

medial

position farther away from the midline of the body

Lateral

Your ears are considered _____________ in relation to your nose

lateral

describes a position between two structures

Intermediate

If there's a structure between your wrist and your elbow, it's in a _______________ position

intermediate

structures on the same side of the body

Ipsilateral

your right hand and right foot are in a _______________ position

Ipsilateral

structures are on opposite sides of the body

Contralateral

Your right hand and left foot are in a _____________ position

Contralateral

location closer to the point of attachment or origin

Proximal

Your elbow is in a ____________ position to your wrist

Proximal

location farther away from the point of attachment or origin

Distal

Your fingers are _________ to your wrist.

Distal

a location closer to the surface of the body.

Superficial

A scratch on your skin is a _________ injury.

Superficial

a location farther away from the surface

Deep

Your heart is ________ within your chest

Deep

divides the body/organ into right and left side

Sagittal plane

divides the body/organ into anterior and posterior portions

Frontal/Coronal plane

divides the body/organ into superior and inferior portions

Transverse plane

equal

Midsagittal

unequal

Parasagittal

contains the brain

Cranial cavity

contains the spinal cord

Vertebral canal

chest cavity

Thoracic cavity

surrounds the lungs

Pleural cavity

surrounds the heart

Pericardial cavity

contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

Mediastinum

contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and organs of reproduction

Pelvic Cavity

Abdominopelvic Regions: Top Left

Left Hypochondriac Region

Abdominopelvic Regions: Top Mid

Epigastric Region

Abdominopelvic Regions: Top Right

Right Hypochondriac Region

Abdominopelvic Regions: Mid

Umbilical Region

Abdominopelvic Regions: Mid Left

Left Lumbar Region

Abdominopelvic Regions: Mid Right

Right Lumbar Region

Abdominopelvic Regions: Bot Mid

Hypogastric Region

Abdominopelvic Regions: Bot Right

Right Iliac Region

Abdominopelvic Regions: Bot Left

Left iliac region

Abdominopelvic Regions (4QUADRANTS): Top Left

Left upper quadrant

Lesson 2 - Orientation to the Human Body Flashcards

(111 cards)