nerve part 2 Flashcards
most superficial layer of mininges
Dura Mater
middle layer of mininges
Arachnoid Mater
inner most meninx
Pia Mater
is the inner most mininges
the space between vertebral column and mininges
Subarachnoid Space
space between protective structures and vertebral column
Subdural space
which matter is rich in myelin?
white matter
wider portion of the wing is the anterior/posterior postion. which one ? A or P
Posterior
the sensory area of the internal anatomy of the spinal cord is which side?
Posterior
the inner most layer of the connective tissue covering of spinal nerves
Endoneurium
the middle layer of the connective tissue covering of spinal nerves
Perineurium
the Outer most layer/covering of the connective tissue covering of spinal nerves
Epineurium
which ramifications is for motor ?
Anterior Rami
which rami is for sensory
Posterior Rami
which plexuses are used in physical therapy?
Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral Plexus
The anterior rami of spinal nerves T2–T12 are called what ?
intercostal nerves
this is a network of peripheral nerves
Plexuses
known as the thoracic nerves
intercostal nerves
It is The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerve or the trigeminal (V) nerve
Dermatome
It is the area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal
nerves
Dermatomes
Skin over the entire body is supplied by _______________ that carry nerve impulses.
Somatic Sensory Neurons
Skin over the entire body is supplied by somatic sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses
Somatic sensory neurons are a type of nerve cell that carry information from the body to the central nervous system (CNS). They are part of the somatic nervous system, which is responsible for voluntary movements and sensory processing12.
Somatic sensory neurons can detect different types of stimuli, such as touch, temperature, pain, and body position. They have specialized receptors on their endings that respond to these stimuli and generate electrical signals. These signals travel along the somatic sensory neurons to the spinal cord or the brainstem, where they synapse with other neurons. The signals are then relayed to various regions of the brain, such as the somatosensory cortex, where they are processed and perceived34.
Somatic sensory neurons play an important role in our ability to interact with the environment and perform various tasks. They help us recognize objects, discriminate textures, generate sensory-motor feedback, and exchange social cues3. They also help us avoid or cope with harmful stimuli by triggering reflexes or modulating pain
Knowing which spinal cord segments supply each ______ makes it possible to locate damaged regions of the spinal cord.
dermatome
What happens If the skin in a particular region is stimulated but the sensation is not perceived ?
the nerves supplying that dermatome are probably damaged. In regions where the overlap is considerable, little loss of sensation may result if only one of the nerves supplying the dermatome is damaged.
Skin of scalp posterior and superior to ear of the cervical plexus
Lesser occipital
Skin anterior, inferior, and over ear, and over parotid glands of the cervical plexus
Great auricular
Skin over anterior and lateral aspect of neck of the cervical plexus
Transverse cervical
Skin over superior portion of chest and shoulder of the cervical plexus
Supraclavicular
Superficial Branches are what kind of branches?
Sensory Branches
Deep Branches are what kind of branches? Throughout the body
They are Largely Motor Branches
Lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical and supraclavicular nerves are what type of branches?
Superficial Branches
Ansa Cervicalis(superior & inferior roots), phrenic and segmental branches are what type of branches?
they are Deep Branches
It divides Into superior and inferior roots.
Ansa cervicalls
The ansa cervicalis is a loop of nerves that originates from the cervical plexus and innervates some of the muscles in the neck. It has two roots, a superior root and an inferior root, that join together to form the loop. The superior root is formed by fibers from the first and second cervical spinal nerves, while the inferior root is formed by fibers from the second and third cervical spinal nerves. The ansa cervicalis supplies the omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles, which are involved in swallowing and stabilizing the larynx. The ansa cervicalis is located within or near the carotid sheath, which contains the carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve1
The nerve that is responsible for distributing motor impulses to the diaphragm ?
Phrenic Nerve
a type of tract that has a ascending tract?
Sensory Tract
a type of tract that has a descending tract?
motor tract
type of tract that also delivers motor output
motor tract
list me the 5 reflex arc in order
- Sensory Receptor
- Sensory Neuron
- Integrating Center - interneurons
- Motor Neuron
- Effector Organ
what type of reflex is the knee jerk ?
spinal reflex
tracking movement of your eyes as you read this sentence, what type of reflex?
cranial reflex
a type of reflex for contraction of skeletal muscle
somatic reflexes
sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector and somatic reflex are the five components to what?
Reflex arc
What is the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex?
reflex arc / reflex circuit
It is the largest part of the brain.
cerebrum
What is the part of the brain that consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
diencephalon
What part of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain ?
brainstem
The adult brain consists of four major parts…… what are these parts nigga ?
brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum
It is the forebrain during the development stage of the brain (3 to 4 week embryo)
Prosencephalon
It is the midbrain during the development stage of the brain (3 to 4 week embryo)
Mesencephalon
It is the hindbrain during the development stage of the brain (3 to 4 week embryo)
Rhombencephalon
It is the major part, it is continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Brainstem
Brainstem is a major part of the brain and it has 3 parts… what are these parts ?
Midbrain
Pond
Medulla oblongata
It is the major part of the main, posterior to the brainstem
Cerebellum
largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
What are the three extensions of the dura mater that separates parts of the brain ?
The falx cerebri - separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
The falx cerebelli - separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.
The tentorium cerebelli - separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
What is the extension of the dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum ?
The falx cerebri
What is the extension of the dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum ?
The falx cerebelli
What is the extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum ?
The tentorium cerebelli
What is the outer protective coverings of the brain ?
Dura Mater
What is the Middle protective coverings of the brain ?
Arachnoid Mater
What is the inner protective coverings of the brain ?
Pia Mater
What is the tight junctions that seal together the endothelial cells and a thick basement membrane that surrounds the capillaries ?
Blood brain barrier (BBB)
What allows certain substances in the blood to enter brain tissue and prevents passage to others ?
Blood brain barrier (BBB)
Lipid-soluble substances such as steroid hormones, alcohol, barbiturates, nicotine, caffeine, and water molecules are ____ when they cross the BBB
Lipid-soluble substances such as steroid hormones, alcohol, barbiturates, nicotine, caffeine, and water molecules are transported easily when they cross the BBB
water-soluble substances, such as most ions, are ____ when they cross the BBB
water-soluble substances, such as most ions, are transported very slowly when they cross the BBB
proteins and most antibiotic drugs are ____ when they cross the BBB
They do not pass at all from the blood into brain tissue
Trick question!
What is a clear, colorless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries ?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What are the three basic functions of the cerebrospinal fluid that helps maintain homeostasis ?
- Mechanical protection. CS serves as a shock-absorbing medium that protects the delicate tissues of the brain and spinal cord from jolts that would otherwise cause them to hit the bony walls of the cranial cavity and vertebral canal. The fluid also buoys the brain so that it «floats” in the cranial cavity.
- Chemical protection. CSF provides an optimal chemical environment for accurate neuronal signaling. Even slight changes in the ionic composition of CSF within the brain can seriously disrupt production of action potentials and postsynaptic potentials.
- Circulation. CSF is a medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and adjacent nervous tissue.
Which function of CSF provides an optimal chemical environment for accurate neuronal signaling.
Chemical protection
Which function of CSF…….
serves as a shock absorbing medium that protects the delicate tissues of the brain and spinal cord from jolts that would otherwise cause them to hit the bony walls of the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.
The fluid also buoys the brain so that it “floats” in the cranial cavity.
Mechanical protection.
Which function of CSF is a medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and adjacent nervous tissue ?
Circulation
Error skip this idk was sleepy yesterday
Has a total volume of 80-150ml
Serves as the mechanical protection, chemical protection and circulation of nutrients and waste products between the blood and adjacent nervous tissue in helping to maintain homeostasis.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal fluid is derived from what ?
Blood
T or F, is white blood cells present in CSF
T
What is a network of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles in CNS ?
choroid plexus
Majority of CSF production is from the what ?
choroid plexus
Is a barrier that regulates passage of a substance between bloodstream and the CSF
blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (blood CSF barrier)
What barrier is formed mainly by tight junctions of brain capillary endothelial cells ?
blood brain barrier (BBB)
What are the 3 structure of the brainstem?
medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
What is the part of the brain between the spinal cord and the diencephalon?
Brainstem
What is the flow of CSF ? (8)
Lateral ventricles-> Third ventricle-> Fourth ventricle-> Subarachnoid space-> Arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses-> Heart and lungs-> Arterial blood-> choroid plexuses
What is the large corticospinal tracts also known as in the brainstem ?
Pyramidal tract
In the brainstem, What is known as one of the major specific descending tract ?
Corticospinal Tract / Pyramidal Tract
What refers to the crossing of axons in the brainstem ?
Pyramidal decussation
What region of the brainstem is particularly important for the decussation of sensory and motor tracts, allowing information to cross from one side of the body to the other?
Medulla Oblongata
What is known as the ascending tracts ?
Sensory Tracts
What is known as the descending tracts ?
Motor Tracts
What begins at the foramen magnum and extends to the inferior border of the pons ?
Medulla Oblongata
What is known as the lowest part of the brainstem ?
Medulla Oblongata
90% of the axons in the left pyramid cross to the right side, and 90% of the axons in the right pyramid cross to the left side. This crossing is called what ?
decussation of pyramids
What medulla oblongata nuclei regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of the blood vessels ?
cardiovascular center (CVC)
What medulla oblongata nuclei adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing ?
medullary respiratory center
What medulla oblongata nuclei causes vomiting, the forcible expulsion of the contents of the upper GI tract through the mouth ?
Vomiting Center
gastrointestinal (GI)
What medulla oblongata nuclei promotes deglutition of a mass of food that has moved from the oral cavity of the mouth into the pharynx ?
Deglutition center
(Swallowing center)
What medulla oblongata nuclei involves spasmodic contraction of breathing muscles that forcefully expel air through the nose and mouth
Sneezing
What medulla oblongata nuclei involves a long drawn and deep inhalation and then a strong exhalation that suddenly sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages ?
Coughing
What medulla oblongata nuclei is caused by spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm, result in the production of a sharp sound on inhalation ?
Hiccupping
What medulla oblongata nuclei receives input from the cerebral cortex, red nucleus of the midbrain, and spinal cord ?
inferior olivary nucleus
(Sends motor signals)
What medulla oblongata nuclei receives input from the taste buds of the tongue ?
Gustatory nucleus
The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem, and it contains several important nuclei and centers, as you mentioned:
- Cardiovascular Center: Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and blood vessel diameter to control cardiovascular function.
- Medullary Respiratory Center: Controls basic breathing rhythm and rate.
- Vomiting Center: Coordinates the reflexes involved in vomiting.
- Deglutition Center: Responsible for swallowing, taste, and hearing related to swallowing. It helps coordinate the complex process of swallowing.
- Centers for Sneezing, Coughing, Hiccupping: These centers are responsible for the reflex actions of sneezing, coughing, and hiccupping.
- Inferior Olivary Nucleus: Involved in motor coordination and learning.
- Gustatory Nucleus: Processes taste information.
- Cochlear Nucleus: Relays auditory information from the cochlea (part of the inner ear) to higher brain regions for auditory perception.
- Vestibular Nucleus: Processes sensory information related to balance and spatial orientation, which comes from the vestibular system in the inner ear.
These nuclei and centers in the medulla oblongata play vital roles in controlling various physiological functions and sensory processing, making the medulla a critical part of the brainstem.
What medulla oblongata nuclei receive auditory input ?
cochlear nuclei
What medulla oblongata nuclei receive sensory information associated with equilibrium from proprioceptors in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear ?
vestibular nuclei
What are these ? All of these are what ?
• Cardiovascular center
• Medullary respiratory center
• Vomiting center
• Deglutition center - Swalowing / taste / hearing/ Balmie
• Centers for sneezing, coughing, hiccupping
• Inferior olivary nucleus
• Gustatory nucleus
• Cochlear nucleus
• Vestibular nucleus
Medulla Oblongata Nuclei
What is superior to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum ?
Pons
What controls breathing in the pons ?
Pontine Respiratory group
(Which consists
The apneustic center [promotes inhalation] &
The pneumotaxic center [regulate/smooth transition])
What is also known as the mesencephalon ?
Midbrain
What extends from the pons to the diencephalon ?
Midbrain or mesencephalon
What is the prominent structure in the anterior part of the midbrain ?
cerebral peduncles
What is the term for the prominent structure in the posterior part of the midbrain that contains four rounded elevations ?
Tectum / quadrigeminal plate / tectal plate
What specific structure in the brainstem is primarily responsible
for reflexes that govern movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli ?
superior colliculi / superior colliculus (plural)
What specific structure in the brainstem is primarily responsible for relaying auditory impulses from the receptors for hearing in the inner ear to the brain?
inferior colliculi / inferior colliculus(plural)
What are large and darkly pigmented neurons that release dopamine and help control subconscious muscle activities?
substantia nigra
What loss of these neuron’s can lead to parkinson’s disease ?
substantia nigra
What has a reddish appearance due to its rich blood supply and the presence of an iron-containing pigment in its neuronal cell bodies, while also serving as a site where axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses and is involved in motor coordination and control of limb movements.
red nuclei
The broader term of small clusters of neuronal cell bodies in CNS (not the subset)
Gray Matter
Both “gray matter” and “nuclei” are related to the central nervous system (CNS), but they refer to slightly different structures:
- Gray Matter: Gray matter refers to the regions of the CNS that contain cell bodies of neurons. It can be found in various parts of the brain and spinal cord and is involved in information processing and integration. Gray matter appears gray because it contains a higher concentration of cell bodies and capillaries compared to white matter.
- Nuclei: Nuclei are specific, localized clusters of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS. These clusters serve particular functions and are often named based on their location and function. Nuclei are a subset of gray matter and are typically associated with specific tasks or functions.
In summary, gray matter is a broader term that encompasses all regions of the CNS containing cell bodies of neurons, while nuclei are smaller, more specific clusters of cell bodies within the gray matter, each with a distinct role.
What does brainstem consists of ? (Not the regions)
Gray Matter
The broad region where white matter and gray matter exhibit a netlike arrangement is known as what ?
reticular formation
What consists of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex, both directly and through the thalamus ?
Reticular activating system (RAS)
the most important function of the RAS is what ?
consciousness
What neural system is primarily responsible for maintaining wakefulness and alertness during arousal?
Reticular activating system (RAS)
What neural system is essential for sustaining attention and alertness, particularly in tasks requiring focus and vigilance?
Reticular Formation (RAS)
What neural system is primarily responsible for preventing sensory overload, especially in situations where the brain needs to filter and regulate sensory input effectively?
Reticular Formation (RAS)
What neural system, when inactivated, leads to the production of sleep ?
Reticular Formation (RAS)
What part occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial activity ?
Cerebellum
What is the central constricted area of the cerebellum ?
Vermis
What is the major divisions of the cerebellum, specifically the parts often referred to as the “lateral lobes” ?
Cerebellar hemispheres
What are the lobes of the cerebellum ?
• Anterior lobe
• Posterior lobe
• Flocculonodular lobe
What are the peduncles of the cerebellum ?
• Superior cerebellar peduncle
• Middle cerebellar péduncle
• Inferior cerebellar peduncle
What are the primary functions of the cerebellum ? (3)
• Balance/equilibrium
• Coordination
• Muscle tone
Makes up 80% of the diencephalon
Thalamus
What joins the right and left halves of the thalamus ?
Interthalamic adhesion
What are the major nuclei of thalamus ?
• Anterior nucleus - emotions and memory
• Medial nuclei - emotions, learning, memory, and cognition
• Lateral group - emotions and help integrate sensory information
• Ventral anterior nucleus - movement control
• Ventral lateral nucleus - movement control
• Ventral posterior nucleus - somatic sensations
• Lateral geniculate nucleus - visual impulses
• Medial geniculate nucleus - auditory impulses
• Intralaminar nuclei - arousal and integration of sensory and motor information
• Midline nucleus - memory and olfaction.
• Reticular nucleus - monitors, filters, and integrates activities of other thalamic nuclei
What are the four major regions of the hypothalamus ?
• Mamillary region - relay stations for reflexes related to the sense of smell
• Tuberal region - widest part of the hypothalamus
• Supraoptic region - lies superior to the optic chiasm
• Preoptic region - anterior to the supraoptic region, participates in regulating certain autonomic activities
What region adjacent to the midbrain, is the most posterior part of the hypothalamus and are relay stations for reflexes related to the sense of smell?
mammillary region
What region is the widest part of the hypothalamus, includes the dorsomedial nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, and arcuate nucleus
tuberal region
What region of the hypothalamus lies superior to the optic chiasm ?
supraoptic region
What region is anterior to the supraoptic region is usually considered part of the hypothalamus because it participates in regulating certain autonomic activities ?
preoptic region
What is the small part of the diencephalon located inferior to the thalamus ?
Hypothalamus
What are the 6 major functions of the hypothalamus ?
• Control of the ANS
• Production of hormones
• Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns
• Regulation of eating and drinking
• Control of body temperature
• Regulation of circadian rhythms
(ANS - Autonomic Nervous System)
(Circadian Rythms- patterns of bioactivity/circadian schedule)
What is the small region superior and posterior to the thalamus ?
Epithalamus
What consists(are both part) of the pineal gland and habenular nuclei ?
Epithalamus
What secretes the hormone melatonin ?
Pineal Gland
What nuclei is involved especially in emotional responses to olfaction like for example odors such as a loved one’s cologne or Mom’s chocolate chip cookies baking in the oven ?
habenular nuclei
What are also thought to be the sites of entry into the brain of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS ?
circumventricular organs (CVOs)
They can monitor chemical changes in the blood because they lack a blood–brain barrier.
they are part of the diencephalon, they lie in the wall of the third ventricle
Why is the thalamus considered a “relay station” in the brain?
The thalamus is often referred to as a “relay station” in the brain because it plays a crucial role in transmitting sensory information from various sensory organs, such as the eyes, ears, and skin, to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for processing and interpreting these sensations.
The thalamus receives sensory input and then relays it to specific regions of the cortex, ensuring that sensory information is directed to the right areas for further processing and perception. It acts as a central hub for sensory information, helping to organize and distribute incoming signals to different parts of the brain, making it a vital component of sensory processing and perception.
Why is the hypothalamus considered part of both the nervous system and the endocrine system?
The hypothalamus is part of both the nervous system and the endocrine system because it plays a dual role. It uses neural signals to regulate various bodily functions and processes within the nervous system, while also controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland to regulate other endocrine organs, making it a vital component of the endocrine system. This dual function allows the hypothalamus to influence a wide range of physiological functions in the body.
Define a circumventricular organ.
A circumventricular organ (CVO) can monitor chemical changes in the blood because they lack a blood brain barrier. allowing it direct access to the bloodstream. CVOs play a crucial role in monitoring and regulating physiological processes by sensing changes in blood composition and relaying this information to the brain for appropriate responses. They are involved in functions like regulating thirst, monitoring blood pressure, and responding to hormonal signals.
the cortical region rolls and folds on itself. What are the folds called ?
gyri
What is a region of gray matter that forms the outer rim/layer of the cerebrum ?
Cerebral Cortex
What are the shallower grooves between folds of the brain ?
Sulci
What is a broad band of white matter that internally connects the two cerebral hemispheres ?
Corpus callosum
What are the lobes of the cerebrum ?
• Frontal Lobe: Motor functions, intellect, decision-making, personality, and emotion.
• Parietal Lobe: Sensory processing (touch, temperature, spatial awareness).
• Temporal Lobe: Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and some aspects of emotion.
• Occipital Lobe: Visual processing.
• Insula/Insular Lobe: Emotions, empathy, and autonomic nervous system regulation.
Which lobe of the cerebrum is associated with motor functions, intellect, decision making, personality, and emotion ?
Frontal Lobe
Which lobe of the cerebrum is associated with sensory processing (touch, temperature, spatial awareness) ?
Parietal Lobe
Which lobe of the cerebrum is associated with Auditory processing, language comprehension, hearing, memory, and some aspects of emotion ?
Temporal Lobe
Which lobe of the cerebrum is associated with Visual processing ?
Occipital lobe
- Frontal Lobe: The frontal lobe is associated with higher cognitive functions, including reasoning, planning, problem-solving, decision-making, and personality. It also plays a role in motor control and contains the primary motor cortex responsible for voluntary muscle movements.
- Parietal Lobe: The parietal lobe processes sensory information from the body, including touch, temperature, and pain. It’s involved in spatial perception, spatial awareness, and the integration of sensory information.
- Temporal Lobe: The temporal lobe is important for auditory processing, language comprehension, and memory (particularly long-term memory). It houses the primary auditory cortex and is involved in the recognition of faces and objects.
- Occipital Lobe: As mentioned earlier, the occipital lobe is primarily responsible for visual processing, including the reception and interpretation of visual stimuli from the eyes.
These lobes work together and in conjunction with other brain regions to perform various complex cognitive and sensory functions, allowing us to perceive, understand, and interact with our environment.
Which lobe of the cerebrum is associated with Emotions, empathy, and autonomic nervous system regulation ?
Insula/Insular Lobe
What type of tract contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere ?
Commissural tracts/fibers - connect
Left & right hemisphere
Which tract contain axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere ?
Association tracts/fibers
connects with the same hemisphere
What is deep within each cerebral hemisphere are three nuclei (masses of gray matter) that are collectively termed as what ?
Basal Nuclei/Ganglia
Which tract contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum.
Projection tracts/fibers
What are the main nuclei of basal nuclei/ganglia ? (3)
• Globus pallidus
• Putamen
• Caudate nucleus
What are the 2 main accessory structures of the basal ganglia/nuclei ?
• Substantia nigra
• Subthalamic nucleus
What is the ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon ?
Limbic System
What are the main components of the lymbic system ? (7)
• Limbic lobe
• Dentate gyrus
• Amygdala
• Septal nuclei
• Mamillary bodies
• Olfactory bulbs
• Fornix, stria terminalis, stria medullaris, medial forebrain bundle, and mammillothalamic tract
What is a rim of cerebral cortex on the medial surface of each hemisphere which includes the cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus?
Limbic lobe
What structure lies between the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus in the limbic system
Dentate gyrus
What structure is composed of several groups of neurons located close to the tail of the caudate nucleus in the limbic system ?
amygdala
What structure is located within the septal area formed by the impairment. One pi regions under the corpus callosum and the paraterminal gyrus
septal nuclei
What structure of the hypothalamus are two round masses brain that respond close to the midline near the cerebral peduncles ?
mammillary bodies
What structure are flattened bodies of the olfactory pathway that rest on the cribriform plate ?
olfactory bulbs
What structure are linked by bundles of interconnecting myelinated axons ? (5)
fornix, stria terminalis, stria medullaris, medial forebrain bundle, and mammillothalamic tract
What are the main functions of the limbic system ? (3)
• Plays a primary role in a range of emotions, including pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger
• Functions in the sexual drive
• Also involved in olfaction and memory
Damaged limbic system may result to what?
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
- Hyperphagia: An intense and abnormal appetite, often leading to overeating.
- Hyperorality: An increased tendency to put objects in the mouth.
- Docility: A loss of fear and aggression, leading to overly friendly or inappropriate social behaviors.
- Visual Agnosia: Difficulty in recognizing and interpreting visual stimuli.
- Hypersexuality: An increase in sexual behaviors and interests.
- Visual Disturbances: Changes in visual perception, such as the tendency to examine objects visually in detail.
- Sleep disturbance
What area of the cortex receive sensory information and are involved in perception, conscious awareness of sensation ?
Sensory areas
What functional organization of the cortex control the execution of voluntary movements ?
Motor areas
What functional organization of the cortex deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality traits, and intelligence
Association areas
What is 41,42 in K. Brodmann’s map ?
Primary auditory area
What is 4 in K. Brodmann’s map ?
Primary motor area
(precentral gyrus)
What is 22 in K. Brodmann’s map ?
Auditory association area
What is 17 in K. Brodmann’s map ? Not part daw so skip 🤔🤔🤔🤔
Occipital Lobe
What is 18,19 in K. Brodmann’s map ?
Visual association area
Not part of test skip this 😟What is 5 in K. Brodmann’s map ?
Somatosensory association area
What is 1 in K. Brodmann’s map ?
Primary Somatosensory area (postcentral gyrus)
Which hemisphere receives somatic sensory signals from, and controls muscles on, left side of body ?
Right hemisphere
Which hemisphere has musical and artistic awareness functions ?
Right hemisphere
Which hemisphere has space and pattern perception ?
Right hemisphere
Which hemisphere has recognition of faces and emotional content of facial expressions ?
Right hemisphere
Which hemisphere is generating emotional content of language ?
Right hemisphere
Which hemisphere is generating mental images to compare spatial relationships ?
Right hemisphere
Which hemisphere is identifying and discriminating among odors ?
Right hemisphere
Patients with damage in _____ hemisphere regions that correspond to Broca’s
right hemisphere
Which hemisphere receives somatic sensory signals from, and controls muscles on, right side of body ?
Left hemisphere
Which hemisphere is capable of Reasoning ?
Left hemisphere
Which hemisphere has numerical and scientific skills ?
Left hemisphere
Which hemisphere has the ability to use and understand sign language ?
Left hemisphere
Which hemisphere is used in spoken and written language ?
Left hemisphere
Persons with damage in the ______ hemisphere often exhibit aphasia.
Left hemisphere
What is the mneminic for cranial nerves ?
Oh !
Oh !
Oh !
to
touch……..
And
feel……….
various
girls
vagina
AH !
heaven…….
What Is the meaning of
Oh !
Oh !
Oh !
to
touch……..
and
feel……….
various
girls
vagina
AH !
heaven…….
- Olfactory Nerve
- Optic Nerve
- Oculomotor Nerve
- Trochlear Nerve
- Trigeminal Nerve
- Abducens Nerve
- Facial Nerve
- Vestibulocochlear Nerve
- Glossopharyngeal Nerve
- Vagus Nerve
- Accessory Nerve
- Hypoglossal Nerve
What part of the nervous system regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands ?
The Autonomic Nervous Sustem
What system consists of autonomic motor neurons ?
The Autonomic Nervous System
What system operates without conscious control ?
The Autonomic Nervous System
What does the autonomic nervous system consists of ? (3)
• Sympathetic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Enteric Nervous System
What plays a crucial role in regulating the digestive system and is sometimes referred to as the “second brain” of the gut?
Enteric Nervous System
What system that promotes the fight or flight response ?
Sympathetic Nervous System
which prepares the body for emergency situations
What system enhances rest and digest activities ?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
conserve and restore body energy during times of rest or digesting a meal
What system has a neurotransmitter that does preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), which is excitatory and stimulates postganglionic neurons; most postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine (NE); postganglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands and some blood vessels in skeletal muscle release ACh. ?
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Region
Which region of the ANS has neurotransmitters that refers to the preganglionic neurons releasing ACh, which is excitatory and stimulates postganglionic neurons, with postganglionic neurons also releasing ACh?
Parasympathetic Craniosacral (region)
Which region of the ANS has White and gray rami communicantes white rami communicates contain myelinated preganglionic axons; gray rami communicates contain unmyelinated postganglionic axons.
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Region
Which region of the ANS does not have White and gray rami communicantes ?
Parasympathetic Craniosacral (region)
Which region of the ANS regarding the axon length and divergence has a preganglionic neurons with short axons synapse with many postganglionic neurons with long axons that pass to many visceral effectors ?
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Region
Which region of the ANS regarding the Axon length and divergence preganglionic neurons with long axons usually synapse with four to five postganglionic neurons with short axons that pass to single visceral effector.
Parasympathetic Craniosacral (region)
Which region of the ANS regarding the Ganglia locations is close to CNS and distant from visceral effectors ?
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Region
Which region of the ANS regarding the Ganglia locations is typically near or within wall of visceral effectors ?
Parasympathetic Craniosacral (region)
Which region of the ANS that is associated with ganglia are the Sympathetic trunk ganglia and prevertebral ganglia ?
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Region
Which region of the ANS that is associated with ganglia are the Terminal ganglia ?
Parasympathetic Craniosacral (region)
Which region of the ANS that is location of preganglionic neuron cell bodies and site of outflow that is Lateral gray horns of spinal cord segments T1-L2. Axons of preganglionic neurons constitute thoracolumbar outflow ?
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Region
Which region of the ANS that is location of preganglionic neuron cell bodies and site of outflow that is Nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X and lateral gray matter of spinal cord segments S2-S4. Axons of preganglionic neurons constitute craniosacral outflow.
Parasympathetic Craniosacral (region)
Which region of the ANS Distribution is wide regions of body: skin, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles of hair follicles, adipose tissue, smooth muscle of blood vessels ?
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Region
Which region of the ANS Distribution is limited mainly to head and to viscera of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis; some blood vessels ?
Parasympathetic Craniosacral (region)
Which stimulation is the heart rate and force increased ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Sympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation is Heart rate and force decreased ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Parasympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation is Iris (eye muscle) in pupil dilation ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Sympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation is Iris (eye muscle) in Pupil constriction ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Parasympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation is salivary glands in Saliva production reduced ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Sympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation is salivary glands in Saliva production increased ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Parasympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation is Oral and nasal mucosa is mucus production reduced ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Sympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation is Oral and nasal mucosa is Mucus production increased ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Parasympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation in Lungs is the bronchial muscle relaxed ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Sympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation in Lungs is the bronchial muscle contracted ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Parasympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation in the stomach peristalsis is reduced ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Sympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation in the stomach gastric juice secreted; motility increased ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Parasympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation in the Intestine reduces motility ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Sympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation in the Intestine when digestion increased secretions and motility increased ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Parasympathetic Stimulation
Digestion increased (small intestine); secretions and motility increased (large intestine)
Which stimulation in the kidney is decreased urine secretion ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Sympathetic Stimulation
Which stimulation in the kidney is increased urine secretion ?
Choice’s
- Sympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic Stimulation
Parasympathetic Stimulation
Wernicke’s areas in the _____ hemisphere speak in a monotonous voice, having lost the ability to impart emotional inflection to what they say.
left hemisphere
Another function of the RAS is to help maintain _________ (concentrating on a single object or thought)
Attention
The RAS also prevents ________ (excessive visual and/or auditory stimulation) by filtering out insig- nificant information so that it does not reach consciousness.
sensory overload
What system helps you wiTh this example
while waiting in the hallway for your anatomy class to begin, you may be unaware of all the noise around you while reviewing your exam
RAS
Inactivation of the RAS produces what?
Sleep
Damage to the RAS, on the other hand, results in what?
Coma
The descending portion of the RAS has connections to the cerebellum and spinal cord and helps regulate what?
Muscle tone
C6 - C8
Thoracodorsal
S1-S2
Nerve to piriformis
L2 - L3
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
Which hemisphere when damaged gets broca’s
Right
Which hemisphere when damaged gets aphasia
Left
Which hemisphere when damaged gets wernicke’s
Right
Leads to Kbs
Lack of limbic system
Kluver bucy syndrome - hyper sexuality
Functions in sex drive
Limbic system
