Lesson 3 - Cells & Tissue Flashcards
they are the basic, living structural, and functional units of the body
Cells
Flexible sturdy barrier surrounds and contains the cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane
uses the fluid moseic model
Plasma Membrane
acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell
Plasma Membrane
Controls the flow in and out of the cell
Plasma Membrane
helps identify cells to other cells
Plasma Membrane
participates in intercellular signaling
Plasma Membrane
Basic Structure of Plasma Membrane
Lipid Bilayer
2 back to back layers made up of 3 type of lipid molecules
Lipid Bilayer
Lipid bilayer made of what ? (3) what %?
Phospholipids 70%
Cholesterol 20%
Glycolipid 10%
Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Glycolipid are what type of molecules?
Amphephatic molecules
hydro
water
phelic
loving
____________ is polar part is phosphate containing the head which is _____________
- phospholipid
- hydrophilic
______________are the 2 long phatty acid tails which are________________
- non polar part
- hydrophobic
what are the two types of membrane proteins?
Integral Proteins
Peripheral Proteins
extend thru the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it
Integral Proteins
many integral proteins are _________
glycoproteins
are ampiphatic
integral membrane proteins
carbohydrates portion of the glycolipid and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary quote called the ________
Glycocalex
acts like a molecular signature that enables cells to recognize one another
Glycocalex
enables cells to a-dire to one another in some tissues and protects cells from being digested by enzymes and extra cellular fluid
Glycocalex
Forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane.
Ion channel (integral)
Most plasma membranes include special channels for several common ions. What is this channel?
Ion channel (integral)
Transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape.
Carrier (integral)
For example, amino acids, needed to synthesize new proteins, enter body cells via carriers.
Carrier (integral)
are also known as transporters.
Carrier proteins
Recognizes specific ligand and alters cell’s function in some way.
Receptor (integral)
For example, antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes.
Receptor (integral)
Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site faces).
Enzyme (integral and peripheral)
For example, lactase protruding from epithelial cells lining your small intestine splits the disaccharide lactose in the milk you drink.
Enzyme (integral and peripheral)
Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell.
Linker (integral and peripheral)
May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together.
Linker (integral and peripheral)
Distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s (unless you are an identical twin).
An important class of such markers are the major
Cell identity marker (glycoprotein)
Movement of substances down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached
PASSIVE PROCESSES
do not require cellular energy in the form of ATP.
PASSIVE PROCESSES
Movement of molecules or ions down a concentration gradient due to their kinetic energy until they reach equilibrium.
Diffusion
Passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without the help of membrane transport proteins.
Simple diffusion
Passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient through the lipid bilayer by transmembrane proteins that function as channels or carriers.
Facilitated diffusion
Passive movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher to lower water concentration until equilibrium is reached.
Osmosis
Movement of substances against a concentration gradient; requires cellular energy in the form of ATP
ACTIVE PROCESSES
requires cellular energy in the form of ATP.
ACTIVE PROCESSES
Active process in which a cell expends energy to move a polar or charged solutes. Substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient by transmembrane proteins that function as carriers.
Active Transport
Active process in which a substance moves across the membrane against its concentration gradient by pumps (carriers) that use energy supplied by hydrolysis of ATP.
Primary active transport
Coupled active transport of two substances across the membrane using energy supplied by a Na* or H* concentration gradient maintained by primary active transport pumps.
Secondary active transport
Antiporters move Na* (or H) and another substance in opposite directions across the membrane; symporters move Na (or H*) and another substance in the same direction across the membrane.
Secondary active transport
Active process in which substances move into or out of cells in vesicles that bud from plasma membrane
Transport in Vesicles
Active process in which substances move into or out of cells in vesicles that bud from plasma membrane; requires energy supplied by ATP
Transport in Vesicles
Movement of substances into a cell in vesicles.
Endocytosis
Ligand-receptor complexes trigger infolding of a clathrin-coated Ligands: transferrin, low-density lipoproteins. pit that forms a vesicle containing ligands.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
“Cell eating”; movement of a solid particle into a cell after pseudopods engulf it to form a phagosome.
Phagocytosis
“Cell drinking”
Bulk-phase endocytosis
movement of extracellular fluid into a cell by infolding of plasma membrane to form a vesicle.
Bulk-phase endocytosis
Movement of substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid.
Exocytosis
Movement of a substance through a cell as a result of endocytosis on one side and exocytosis on the opposite side.
Transcytosis
Fluid mosaic lipid bilayer (phospholipids, cholesterol, and
glycolipids) studded with proteins; surrounds cytoplasm.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus-cytosol and organelles.
CYTOPLASM
Composed of water, solutes, suspended particles, lipid droplets, and glycogen granules.
Cytosol
network in the cytoplasm composed of three protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
cytoskeleton
Specialized structures with characteristic shapes.
Organelles
Pair of centrioles plus pericentriolar matrix.
Centrosome
Motile cell surface projections that contain 20 microtubules and a basal body.
Cilia and flagella
Composed of two subunits containing ribosomal RNA and proteins
Ribosome
may be free in cytosol or attached to rough ER.
Ribosome
Membranous network of flattened sacs or tubules.
Endoplasmic reticulum
covered by ribosomes and is attached to the nuclear envelope
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
lacks ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Consists of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
Golgi complex
structurally and functionally divided into entry (cis) face, medial cisternae, and exit (trans) face.
Golgi complex
Vesicle formed from Golgi complex
Lysosome
contains digestive enzymes.
Lysosome
contains digestive enzymes.
Lysosome
Vesicle containing oxidases
oxidative enzymes
decomposes hydrogen peroxide
catalase
new peroxisomes bud from preexisting ones.
Peroxisome
Tiny barrel-shaped structure that contains proteases
Proteasome
Consists of an external and an internal mitochondrial membrane, cristae, and matrix
Mitochondrion
new mitochondria form from preexisting ones.
Mitochondrion
Consists of a nuclear envelope with pores, nucleoli, and chromosomes, which exist as a tangled mass of chromatin in interphase cells.
NUCLEUS
Period between cell divisions; chromosomes not visible under light microscope.
Interphase
Metabolically active cell duplicates most of its organelles and cytosolic components
G1 phase
replication of chromosomes begins. (Cells that remain in the G, phase for a very long time, and possibly never divide again, are said to be in the Go phase.)
G1 phase
Replication of DNA and centrosomes.
S phase
Cell growth, enzyme and protein synthesis continue; replication of centrosomes complete.
G2, phase
Parent cell produces identical cells with identical chromosomes; chromosomes visible under light microscope.
Mitotic phase
Nuclear division; distribution of two sets of chromosomes into separate nuclei.
Mitosis
Chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids
Prophase
nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear; each centrosome moves to an opposite pole of the cell.
Prophase
Centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate.
Metaphase
Centromeres split
Anaphase
identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell.
Anaphase
Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear
Telophase
chromosomes resume chromatin form
Telophase
mitotic spindle disappears.
Telophase
Cytoplasmic division
Cytokinesis
contractile ring forms cleavage furrow around center of cell, dividing cytoplasm into separate and equal portions.
Cytokinesis
Tetrads line up along the metaphase plate
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate (sister chromatids remain together)
Anaphase I
Each cell has one of the replicated chromosomes from each homologous pair of chromosomes (n)
Telophase I
Mitosis: Cell Type
Somatic
Mitosis: Number of Divisions
1
Mitosis: Stages
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Mitosis: Copy DNA?
Yes, interphase
Mitosis: Tetrads ?
No
Mitosis: Number Of Cells
2
Mitosis: Number Of Chromosomes per cell
46 or two sets of 23
Meiosis: Cell Type
Gamete
Meiosis: Number Of Division
2
Meiosis: Stages
- Interphase I only
- Prophase I and II
- Metaphase I and II
- Anaphase I and II
- Telophase I and II
Meiosis: Copy Of DNA ?
Yes, Interphase I
No, Interphase II
Meiosis: Tetrads ?
Yes
Meiosis: Number Of Cells
4
Meiosis: Number Of Chromosomes
23, makeup called haploid
The two identical chromosomes that result from DNA replication are referred to as
sister chromatids
The loss of tissue differentiation and function that is characteristic of most malignancies.
Anaplasia
Plasia
To shape
An
Not
A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ; wasting away.
Atrophy
Trophy
Nourishment
At
Without
Dys
Abnormal
Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation; may progress to neoplasia (tumor formation, usually malignant) or revert to normal if the irritation is removed.
Dysplasia
Increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to an increase in the frequency of cell division.
Hyperplasia
Increase in the size of cells without cell division.
Hypertrophy
The transformation of one type of cell into another.
Metaplasia
Meta
Change
Offspring or descendants.
Progeny
Pro
Forward
Geny
Production
Ptoeo
Protein
all of an organism’s proteins
Proteome
The study of proteome in order to identify all of the proteins produced; it involves determining the three-dimensional structure of proteins so that drugs can be designed to alter protein activity to help in the treatment and diagnosis of disease.
Proteomics
A substance introduced into circulation by tumor cells that indicates the presence of a tumor, as well as the specific type.
Tumor marker
is a major difference between epithelial tissue and connective tissue.
The ratio of cells to extracellular matrix
is found between an epithelial tissue and a connective tissue.
The basement membrane
is a single layer of flat cells that resembles a tiled floor when viewed from apical surface: centrally located nucleus that is flattened and oval or spherical in shape.
Simple squamous epithelium
a single layer of cube-shaped cells; round, centrally located nucleus. Cuboidal cell shape is obvious when tissue is sectioned and viewed from the side.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
forms pigmented epithelium at posterior surface of retina of the eye; lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands
Simple cuboidal epithelium
makes up secreting portion of some glands such as thyroid gland and
ducts of some glands such as pancreas.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
is a single layer of nonciliated columnlike cells with oval nuclei near base of cells
Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
contains 1 columnar epithelia cells with microvilli at apical surface and 2 goblet cells.
Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
fingerlike cytoplasmic projections. increase surface area of plasma membrane thus increasing cell’s rate of absorption.
Microvilli
are modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus. a slightly sticky fluid, at their apical surraces. Before release, mucus accumulates in voder portion of cell, causing it to bulge and making the whole cell resemble a goblet or wine glass
Goblet cells
Lines pastrointescinal trace trom stomach to anus, duccs ol many glands, and galloladder.
Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
Secretion and absorption: larger columnar cells contain more organelles and thus are capable ot higher level ot secretion and absorption than are cuboidal cells.
Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
secreted mucus lubricates linings of digestive, respiratory, and reproductve tracts, and most of urinary tract; helps prevent destruction of stomach lining by acidic gastric juice secreted by stomach.
Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
is a single layer of ciliated columnlike cells with oval nuclei near base of cells. Goblet cells are usually interspersed
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
Lines some bronchioles (small tubes) of respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, Some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord, and ventricies of the brain.
CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Cilia beat in unison, moving mucus and foreign particies toward throat, where they can
be coughed up and swallowed or spit out. Coughing and sneezing speed up movement
of cilia and mucus. Cilia also help move oocytes expelled from ovaries through uterine
(fallopian) tubes into uterus.
CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
appears to have several layers because the nuclei of the cells are at various levels.
Nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Even though all the cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, some cells do not extend to the apical surface. When viewed from the side, these features give the false impression of a multilayered tissue
Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Contains cells without cilia and also lacks globlet cells.
Pseudostratified epithelium
Lines epididymis, larger ducts of many glands, and parts of male urethra.
NONCILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Absorption and secretion.
NONCILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
appears to have several layers because cell nuclei are at various levels. All cells are attached to basement membrane in a single layer, but some cells do not extend to apical surface.
CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
When viewed from side, these features give false impression of a multilayered tissue
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Contains cells that extend to surface and secrete mucus evobler cents or bear cilla
pseudostratified
Lines airways of most of upper respiratory tract.
CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Secretes mucus that traps foreign particles, and cilia sweep away mucus for elimination from body.
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
has two or more lavers of cells: cells in apical laver and several lavers deep to it are squamous: cells in deeper layers vary from cuboidal to columnar.
Stratified squamous epithelium
As basal cells divide, daughter cells arising from cell divisions push upward toward apical layer. As they move toward surface and away from blood supply in underlying connective tissue, they become dehydrated and less metabolically active.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Tough proteins predominate as cytoplasm is reduced, and cells become tough, hard structures that eventually die. At apical layer, after dead cells lose cell junctions they are sloughed off, but they are replaced continuously as new cells emerge trom basal cells
Stratified squamous epithelium
is a tougn, morous intracellular protein that helps protect skin and undenying tissues from neat, microbes, and chemicals.
Keratin
Relative amount of keratin increases in cells as they move away from nutritive blood supply and organelles die.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinized variety forms superficial laver of skin: nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces lining of mouth. esophagus, part of epiplottis, part of pharynx, and vagina and covers tongue.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Protection acainst abrasion. water oss. ultraviolet radiation. and foreign invasion. Both types form first line of defense against microbes
Stratified squamous epithelium
has two or more layers of cells; cells in apical layer are cube-shaped; fairly rare type.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands, part of male urethra.
Protection; limited secretion and absorption.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Protection; limited secretion and absorption.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
____________ in stratified columnar epithelium usually consist of shortened, irregularly shaped cells; only apical layer has columnar cells; uncommon.
Basal layers
Lines part of urethra; large excretory ducts of some glands, such as esophageal glands; small areas in anal mucous membrane; part of conjunctiva of eye.
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Protection and secretion.
stratified columnar epithelium
has a variable appearance (transitional). In relaxed or unstretched state, looks like stratified cuboidal epithelium, except apical layer cells tend to be large and rounded.
Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
As tissue is stretched, cells become flatter, giving the appearance of stratified squamous epithelium. Multiple layers and elasticity make it ideal for lining hollow structures (urinary bladder) subject to expansion from within.
Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra.
Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
Allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining while holding variable amounts of fluid without rupturing.
Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
secretions enter interstitial fluid and then diffuse into bloodstream without flowing through a duct
___________
Endocrine gland
Examples include pituitary gland at base of brain, pineal gland in brain, thyroid and parathyroid glands near larynx (voice box), adrenal glands superior to kidneys, pancreas near stomach, ovaries in pelvic cavity, testes in scrotum, thymus in thoracic cavity.
Endocrine gland
Hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
secretory products are released into ducts that empty onto surtace of a covenne and lining epithelium, such as skin surface or lumen of hollow organ.
Exocrine gland
Sweat, oil, and earwax glands of skin; digestive glands such as salivary glands (secrete into mouth cavity) and pancreas (secretes into small intestine)
Exocrine gland
Produce substances such as sweat to help lower body temperature, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes.
Exocrine gland
Structural classification of multicellular exocrine glands is based on the branching pattern of the duct and the shape of the secreting portion.
Multicellular exocrine glands.
Is based on whether a secretion is a product of a cell or consists of an entire or a partial glandular cell.
The functional classification o exocrino lands
are made of collagen and glycoproteins.
They provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around
Various cells
Reticular fibers
Reticular fibers
are made of collagen and glycoproteins.
They provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around
vanous cells like _______, _________, _________, ________
Fat
Smooth
Muscle
Nerve
are large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance
Fibroblasts
are strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen, the most abundant protein in your body.
Collagen fibers
Develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis
Macrophages
are stretchable but strong fibers made of protons, ossan, ano fibrillin. They are found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue.
Elastic fibers
are abundant along blood vessels. They produce histamine, which dialtes small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bactorin.
Mast Cells
develop from B lymphocytes. They secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances.
Plasma cells
are fat cells that store fats. They are found below the skin and around organs
Adipocytes
Are white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses.
Eosinophils
are white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection that destroy microbes by phagocytosis.
Neutrophils
Is the material between cells and fibers. It is made of water and organic molecules. It supports cells and fibers, binds them together, and provides a medium for exchange substances between blood and cells.
Ground substance
has irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells embedded in semifluid ground substance that contains delicate reticular fibers.
Mesenchyme
Almost exclusively under skin and along developing bones of embryo; some in adult connective tissue, especially along blood vessels.
Mesenchyme
Forms almost all other types of connective tissue
Mesenchyme
has widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in viscous, jellylike ground substance that contains
fine collagen fibers.
Mucous (mucoid) connective tissue
Umbilical cord of fetus.
Mucous (mucoid) connective tissue
is one of the most widely distributed connective tissues; consists of fibers arranged randomly and several kinds of cells embedded in semifluid ground substance
Areolar connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue is one of the most widely distributed connective tissues; consists of fibers such as _______, __________, _________ are arranged randomly and several kinds of cells like __________, ________, ________, __________, ___________, _________ are embedded in semifluid ground substance _________, __________, __________, ___________
(collagen, elastic, reticular)
(fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, mast cells, and a few white blood
(hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate).
Strength, elasticity, support.
Areolar connective tissue
has cells derived from fibroblasts
Adipose tissue
specialized for storage of triglycerides (fats) as a large, centrally located droplet. Cell fills up with a single, large triglyceride droplet, and cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed to periphery of cell.
adipocytes
What is the most adipose tissue in adults ?
white adipose tissue
is widespread in the fetus and infant; adults have only small amounts.
Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
is darker due to very rich blood supply and numerous pigmented mitochondria that participate in aerobic cellular respiration.
Brown adipose tissue
an obese person has many more blood vessels than does a lean person (true or false ?)
True
subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket. _______ is located here
connective tissue
BAT
generates heat to maintain proper body temperature.
is also an excellent source of stem cells, which are used in rejuvenation medicine to repair or replace damaged tissue.
Adipose tissue
Reduces heat loss through skin; serves as an energy reserve supports and protects organs. In newborns,
Adipose tissue
is a fine interlacing network of reticular fibers and reticular cells.
Reticular connective tissue
thin form of collagen fiber
reticular fibers
supporting framework
Stroma
Stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow; reticular lamina of basement membrane; around blood vessels and muscles.
Reticular connective tissue
Forms stroma of organs; binds smooth muscle tissue cells; filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.
Reticular connective tissue
contains predominanty elastic fibers with ribroblasts between them, unstained tissue is yellowish.
Elastic connective tissue
Lung tissue. walls of elastic arteries. trachea. bronchial tubes. true voca cords, suspensory ligaments of penis. some licaments between vertebrae.
Elastic connective tissue
Allows stretching of various organs; is strong and can recoil to original shape after being stretched. Elasticity is important to normal functioning of lung tissue and elastic arteries
Elastic connective tissue
recoil between heartbeats to help maintain blood flow
elastic arteries
recons in exhaling
lung tissue
forms shiny white extracellular matrix; mainly collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts in rows between them.
Dense regular connective tissue
protein structures secreted by fibroblasts
Collagen fibers
Collagen fibers are living (true or false?)
False
attach muscle to bone
Forms tendons
attach bone to bone
most ligaments
sheetlike tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone
aponeuroses
is made up of collagen fibers; usually irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts.
Dense irregular connective tissue
tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs
fasciae
Deeper
Reticular
contains a resilient gel as ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish-white, shiny
substance
Hyaline cartilage
prominent chondrocytes are found in lacunae surrounded by perichondrium
Hyaline cartilage
has chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within extracellular matrix; lacks perichondrium.
Fibrocartilage
where hip bones join anteriorty
Pubic symphysis
cartilage pads
menisci
Support and joining structures together. Strength and rigidity make it the strongest type of cartilage.
Fibrocartilage
has chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibers within extracellular matrix, perichondrium present.
Elastic cartilage
larynx
epiglottis
auricle
external ear
eustachian
auditory
Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures.
Elastic cartilage
consists of osteons haversian systems that contain lamellae. lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central canals. By contrast, spongy bone tissue consists of thin columns called trabeculae spaces between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow.
Compact bone tissue
haversian systems
consists of osteons
consists of blood plasma and formed elements: red blood cells (ervthrocytes, white blood cells (leukocytes, platelets
Blood
erythrocytes
red blood cells
leukocytes
white blood cells
Thrombocytes
Platelets
transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide
Red blood cells
consists of nonstriated fibers.
Smooth muscle tissue
lack striations, hence the term smooth
nonstriated fibers
is a small spindle shaped cell thickest in middle. tapering at each end. and containing a single. centrally located nucleus.
Smooth muscle fiber
connect many individual fibers in some smooth muscle tissue
Gap junctions
for example, in wall of intestines.
Gap junctions
Constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through gastrointestinal tract, contraction of urinary bladder and gallbladder
Motion
striations are alternating light and dark bands within fibers that are visible under a light microscope
striated fibers
__________ muscle fibers vary greatly in length, from a few centimeters in short muscles to ____-___ cm about 12-16 in. in the longest muscles.
Skeletal
30-40cm
multinucleated cell with nuclei at the periphery.
Muscle fiber
considered voluntary because it can be made to contract or relax by conscious control.
Usually attached to bones by tendons
Skeletal muscle
consists of branched, striated tibers with usually only one centrally located nucleus (occasionally two)
Cardiac muscle tissue
Attach end to end by transverse thickenings of plasma membrane called _______
Intercalated disc
To insert between
Intercolate
Iris of eyes; walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder,
and utens
Smooth muscle tissue
Motion constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through gastrointestinal tract, contraction of urinary bladder and gallbladder
Smooth muscle tissue
consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers
Skeletal muscle tissue
alternating light and dark bands within fibers that are visible under a light microscope).
striations
consists of (1) neurons, which consist of cell body and processes extending from cell body and 2 neuroglia. which do not generate or conduct nerve impulses but have other important supporting functions.
Nervous tissue
one to multiple dendrites and a single axon
Cell body
Nervous tissue location
Nervous system.
exhibits sensitivicy to various types or stimuli; converts stimuli into nerve impuses conducts nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle riders, or glands
Nervous sytem
action potentials
Nerve Impulses
________________ can serve a variety of functions
The different ________ help determine many of the functions of the cell membrane
Membrane proteins
Proteins
_________ are fluid structures because most of the_____________ and many of the _______ move easily in the bilayer
Membranes
membrane lipids
membrane proteins
_____________ and _________ are mobile in their own half of the bilayer
Membrane lipids
Proteins
is always permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules
lipid bilayer
are selectively permeable
Plasma membranes
___________ that act as channels or transporters increase the permeability of the membrane
Transmembrane proteins
___________ are only able to pass through the plasma membrane by vesicular transport
Macromolecules
is the difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other
concentration gradient
is the difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other
electrical gradient
Together, these gradients make up an ___________
electrochemical gradient
__________ is influenced by:
• Steepness of the concentration gradient
• Temperature
• Mass of diffusion substance
• Surface area
• Diffusion distance
Diffusion
a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol.
Cytoskeleton
membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid
Exocytosis
a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side
Transcytosis
The cytoplasm has 2 components:
Cytosol and Organelles
also known as the intracellular fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Cytosol
the specialized structures that have specific shapes and perform specific functions
Organelles
or microtubule organizing center, located near the nucleus, consists of two components: a pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix
Centrosome
It is an organelle of cells that forms a network of
membrane-enclosed sacs or tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and connect to the nuclear envelope.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
It is another set of membranes that serves important functions including modifying protein and transporting substances out of the cell.
Golgi Complex
are membrane-enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi complex
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes are structures that are similar in shape to lysosomes, but are smaller and contain enzymes that use oxygen to oxidize (break down) organic substances
Peroxisomes
Proteasomes are barrel-shaped structures that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting long proteins into smaller peptides
Proteasomes
They are one of the most important of all organelles. Their role is to produce energy currency through respiration.
Mitochondria
It contains most of the cell’s genetic material. The majority of the nucleus is filled with chromatin.
Nucleus
is a process by which cells reproduce themselves
Cell Division
occurs when the nucleus of a cell divides
Mitosis
results in the distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into 2 separate nuclei
Mitosis
Remain alive and functioning without dividing
Control of cell Destiny
Grow and divide
Control of cell destiny
• Cancer
• Melanoma
• Sarcoma
• Osteogenic sarcoma
• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Growth and spread
• Causes
• Treatments
Disorders
The three major parts of the cell are the (N)__________ (C). ________, and (C-2 words)_________.
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell death that is generally programmed is known as __________, while cell death which is due to tissue injury is known as________
Apoptosis
Necrosis
___________ are special DNA
sequences located at the ends of the chromosomes and whose erosion contributes to cellular aging and death.
TELOMERE
The mRNA base sequence that is complementary to the DNA base sequence ATC would be________
UAG
A small membrane surface area will increase the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane. True Or False ?
False. Decrease
The cells created during meiosis are genetically different from the original cell. True or False ?
True
An important and abundant active mechanism that helps maintain cellular toxicity is the Nat/K+ ATPase pump. True Or False ?
True
If the concentration of solutes in the ECF and ICF’s are equal, the cell is in a(n)__________ solution.
Isotonic
Which membrane protein is incorrectly matched with its function?
- Linker: allows binding of one cell to another and provides stability and shape to a cell
- Receptor: allows recognition of specific molecules
- lon channels: Allows passage of specific ions through the membrane
- Carrier: allows cells to recognize each other and foreign cells
- Enzyme: catalyzes cellular reactions
- Carrier: allows cells to recognize each other and foreign cells
Place the following steps in protein synthesis in the correct order:
( ) Detachment of protein from ribosome when ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA
( ) Attachment of specific amino acids to tRNA
( ) Detachment of RNA polymerase after reaching terminator
( ) Amino acids joined by peptide bonds
( ) Binding of initiator tRNA to start codon on mRNA
( ) Binding of anticodons of tRNA to condons of mRNA
( ) Binding of mRNA to a ribosome’s small subunit
( ) Modification of newly synthesizes pre-mRNA by snRNP’s before leaving the nucleus and entering the cytoplasm
( ) Attachment of RNA polymerase at promoter
( ) Joining of large and small ribosomal subunits to create a functional ribosome
( ) Transcription of a segment of
DNA onto mRNA
Place the following steps in protein synthesis in the correct order:
( 11 ) Detachment of protein from ribosome when ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA
( 8 ) Attachment of specific amino acids to tRNA
( 3 ) Detachment of RNA polymerase after reaching terminator
( 10 ) Amino acids joined by peptide bonds
( 6 ) Binding of initiator tRNA to start codon on mRNA
( 9 ) Binding of anticodons of tRNA to condons of mRNA
( 5 ) Binding of mRNA to a ribosome’s small subunit
( 4 ) Modification of newly synthesizes pre-mRNA by snRNP’s before leaving the nucleus and entering the cytoplasm
( 1 ) Attachment of RNA polymerase at promoter
( 7 ) Joining of large and small ribosomal subunits to create a functional ribosome
( 2 ) Transcription of a segment of
DNA onto mRNA
Which of the following organelles function primarily in decomposition reactions?
ribosomes
proteasomes
lysosomes
centrosomes
peroxisomes
Proteasomes
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Which of the following statements regarding the nucleus are true?
- Nucleoli within the nucleus are the sites of ribosome synthesis.
- The nucleus contains the cell’s hereditary units.
- The nuclear membrane is a solid, impermeable membrane.
- Protein synthesis occurs within the nucleus.
- In non-dividing cells, DNA is found in the nucleus in the form of chromatin.
Nucleoli within the nucleus are the sites of ribosome synthesis.
The nucleus contains the cell’s hereditary units.
In non-dividing cells, DNA is found in the nucleus in the form of chromatin.
Which of the following muscular tissues can be voluntarily controlled?
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
Skeletal
Which of the following tissues is avascular?
- adipose
- stratified squamous epithelial
- cardiac
- skeletal
- compact
stratified squamous epithelial
If the lining of an organ produces and releases mucus, which of the following
Idk
If the lining of an organ produces and releases mucus, which of the following cells would likely be found in the tissue lining the organ?
- mast cells
- fibroblasts
- osteoblasts
- goblet cells
- macrophages
Goblet Cells
Epithelial tissue cells have an apical surface at the top and are attached to a basement membrane at the bottom. True Or False ?
True
Connective Tissue fibers that are arranged in bundles and lend strength and flexibility to a tissue are collagen fibers. True or False ?
True
Which of the following muscular tissues can be voluntarily controlled?
Why does damaged cartilage heal slowly?
Cartilage is avascular, so materials needed for repair must diffuse from surrounding tissue.
Damaged cartilage undergoes fibrosis, which interferes with less the movement of materials needed for repair.
Cartilage does not contain fibroblasts, which are needed to produce the fibers in cartilage tissue.
Chondrocytes cannot be replaced
once they are damaged.
Cartilage is avascular, so materials needed for repair must diffuse from surrounding tissue.
Which of the following is true concerning serous membranes?
The visceral portion of a serous membrane attaches to the body cavity wall.
A serous membrane lines a body part that opens directly to the body’s exterior.
The parietal portion of a serous membrane attaches to the organ.
The serous membrane covering the lungs is known as the pleura.
The serous membrane covering the lungs is known as the pleura.
What type of cell junction would be required for cells to communicate with one another?
tight junction
desmosome
adherens junction
hemidesmosome
gap junction
gap junction
The type of exocrine gland that forms its secretory product and simply releases it from the cell by exocytosis is the:
apocrine gland
holocrine gland
merocrine gland
endocrine gland
Merocrine gland
- pseudostre ciliated columnar epithelium
- ciliated sin columnar epithelium
- transitiona epithelium
- simple squamous
- simple cut epithelium
- noncilitate simple coll epithelium
- stratified cuboidal epithelium
- Keratinizer stratified squamous epithelium
lines the lower respiratory tract and uterine tubes.
found in the urinary bladder which can change shape
contains cells that are all attached to the basement membrane, although
some do not reach the surface
contains cells with microvilli
( 4. ) contains a single layer of flat cells; found in the body where filtration (kidney) or diffusion (lungs) are priority process.
( 8. ) found in the superficial part of the skin that provides protection from heat
( 7. ) fairly rare type of epithelium that has mainly a protective function
( 2. ciliated sin columnar epithelium ) lines the lower respiratory tract and uterine tubes.
( 3. Transitiona epithelium ) found in the urinary bladder which can change shape
( 6. noncilitate simple coll epithelium ) contains cells that are all attached to the basement membrane, although
some do not reach the surface
( 1 )contains cells with microvilli
- Peroxis
- Mitoch
- Cilia
- Flagelli
- Protea
- Vesicle
and digestive enzymes
Membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain enzymes that oxidize various organic substances
Functions in synthesizing fatty acids and steroids, helping liver cells release glucose into the bloodstream, and detoxification
Long microtubular structure extending
and digestive enzymes
( 8. Peroxis ) Membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain enzymes that oxidize various organic substances
( 5. ) Functions in synthesizing fatty acids and steroids, helping liver cells release glucose into the bloodstream, and detoxification
( 11. Flagella ) Long microtubular structure extending
________ glands are categorized by whether their ducts are branched or unbranched.
Multicellular Exocrine
What are the three main parts of a human body cell?
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of ________
(Choices)
- plasma membranes and ground substance
- keratinized cells and protein fibers
- calcified crystals of minerals and enzymes
- enzymes and membranous organelles
- protein fibers and ground substance
protein fibers and ground substances
Which of the following types of membrane proteins function by recognizing and binding to hormones and neurotransmitiers?
- receptors
- linkers
- transporters
- enzymes
- cell identification markers
Receptors
Sebaceous glands are classified as_____________ and are functionally classified as_____________
• Simple branched acinar gland; holocrine
• Simple branched tubular gland; holocrine
• Simple coiled tubular gland; merocrine
• Simple branched tubular gland; apocrine
• Simple branched acinar gland; apocrine
Simple branched acinar gland; holocrine
Plasma membranes are __________, which means that some chemicals move casily through plasma membrane while other chemicals do not.
• selectively permeable
• concentration graded
• electrically graded
• electrical insulators
• selectively soluble
selectively permeable
The ground substance component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together. True Or False ?
True
The three main components of the lipid bilayer portion of a plasma membrane are
• phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
• cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycolipids
• phospholipids, glycoproteins, and water
• phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
proteins, cholesterol, and fatty acids The three main components of the lipid bilayer portion of a plasma memb
• phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
• cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycolipids
• phospholipids, glycoproteins, and water
• phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
• proteins, cholesterol, and fatty acids
phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
What are the nonpolar parts of phospholipids?
• Both the head and tail groups are nonpolar
• fatty acid tail groups
• Neither the head nor tail groups are nonpolar
• phosphate-containing head groups
fatty acid tail groups
Reproductive cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half
Meiosis
Stage of cell division when replication of DNA occurs
Interphase
Somatic cell division resulting in the formation of two identical cells
Mitosis
Stage when chromatic fibers condense and shorten to form chromosomes
Prophase
Cytoplasmic division
Cytokinesis
Stage when centromeres splut and chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase
Stage when chromosomes uncoil and revert o chromatin
Telophase
Stage when centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at the center of mitotic spindle
Metaphase
Contain enzymes that break apart unneeded, damaged, or faulty peptides
Proteasomes
Membrane-bound sacs that transport, transfer, or secrete
Vesicles
Modifies, sorts, packages and transports molecules synthesized in the rough
ER
Golgi complex
Functions in synthesizing fatty acids and steroids, helping liver cells release glucose into the bloodstream, and detoxification
Smooth ER
Sites of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
An organizing center for growth of the mitotic spindle
Centrosome
Long microtubular structure extending from the plasma membrane and involved in movement of a cell
Flagellum
Site where secretory proteins and membrane molecules are synthesized
Rough ER
Membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain enzymes that oxidize various organic substances
Peroxisomes
Membrane-enclosed vesicles in the Golgi complex that contain strong hydrolytic and digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
Network of protein filaments that extend through cytoplasm, providing cellular shape, organization, and movement
Cytoskeleton
Short microtubular structures extending from the plasma membrane and involved in movement of materials along the cell’s surface
Cilia
Function in ATP generation
Mitochondria
Process that allows a cell to take specific ligands from the ECF by forming vesicles
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Movement of the water form an area of higher to an area of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
Passive transport in which a solute binds to a specific carrier on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side
Facilitated diffusion
Type of endocytosis that involves the nonselective uptake of tiny droplets of
FCE
Pinocytosis
Vesicular movement involving endocytosis on one side of a cell and a subsequent exocytosis on the opposite side of the cell
Transcytosis
Transport of substances either into or out of the cell by means of small, spherical membranous
Vesicular transport
Uses energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP to change the shape of a carrier protein, which “pumps” a substance across a cellular membrane against its concentration gradient
Primary active transport
Type of endocytosis in which large solid particles are taken in
Phagocytosis
indirectly uses energy obtained from the breakdown of ATP, involves symporters and antiporters
Secondary active transport
Movement of materials out of the cell by fusing of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
The random mixing of particles in a solution due to the kinetic energy of the particles, substances move form high to low concentrations until equilibrium is reached
Diffusion
contains cube-shaped cells functioning in secretion and absorption
simple cuboidal epithelium
lines the lower respiratory tract and uterine tubes.
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
found in the urinary bladder which can change shape
transitional epithelium
found in the superficial part of the skin that provides protection from heat
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
contains a single layer of flat cells; found in the body where filtration (kidney) or diffusion (lungs) are priority process
simple squamous epithelium
contains cells with microvilli and goblet cells found in most linings of the digestive, reproductive and urinary tract
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
contains cells that are all attached to the basement membrane, although some do not reach the surface
noncilitated simple columnar epithelium
fairly rare type of epithelium that has mainly a protective function
stratified cuboidal epithelium
tissue found in the lungs that is strong and can recoil back to its original shape
elastic connective tissue
bundles of collagen arranged in parallel patterns; composed of tendons and ligaments
dense regular
connective tissue consisting of different kind of cells containing all three fiber types randomly arranged, and found in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
areolar connective tissue
connective tissue with a clear liquid matrix that flows in lymphatic vessels
lymph
tissue with irregularly arranged collagen fibers found in the dermis of the skin
dense irregular connective tissue
loose connective tissue specialized for triglyceride storage
adipose tissue
the tissue from which all other connective tissues eventually rise
mesenchyme
tissue that affords flexibility at the joints and reduces joint friction
hyaline cartilage
tissue that contains reticular fibers and cells and forms the stroma of certain organs such as the spleen
reticular connective tissue
tissue that contains a network of elastic fibers, providing strength, elasticity and maintenance of shape; located in external ear
elastic cartilage
tissue that forms the internal framework of the body and works with skeletal muscles to generate movement
osseous tissue
connective tissue with formed elements suspended ina liquid matrix called plasma
blood
tissue that provide strength and rigidity and is the strongest of the three types of cartilage
fibrocartilage
Connective Tissue
Bind, support
Epithelial Tissue
Cilia
Nervous Tissue
Neuroglia
Forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes
Mesothelium
may be used to screen, diagnose, make a prognosis, evaluate a response to treatment, and monitor for recurrence of cancer.
Tumor markers
