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Nerve Terms Flashcards

1
Q

brain and spinal cord

Choice’s:
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Enteric Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Somatic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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2
Q

spinal nerves, cranial nerves

Choice’s:
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Enteric Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Somatic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)

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3
Q

2 Types Of Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Motor division
- Sensory division
- Sensory function
- Parts of a Neuron

A

Sensory division
Motor division

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4
Q

conscious control

Choice’s:
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Enteric Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Somatic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Somatic Nervous System

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5
Q

involuntary

Choice’s:
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Enteric Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Somatic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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6
Q

3 types of Autonomic Nervous System

Choice’s:
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Enteric Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Somatic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Enteric Nervous System

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7
Q

3 Types of Functions of the Nervous System

Choice’s
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Neuroglia
Integrative function
Motor function
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Sensory function

A

Sensory function
Integrative function
Motor function

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8
Q

3 types in Histology of Neuron

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Neurons, Stimulus, Action potential

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9
Q

nerve impulse

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Action potential

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10
Q

any change that initiates an action potential

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Stimulus

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11
Q

nerve cells that possesses electrical excitability

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Neurons

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12
Q

What are these a part of ?

Cell body (perikaryon/soma)
• Nissi bodies - free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Neurofibrils and microtubules - cytoskeleton
Lipofuscin - yellowish brown pigment
Dendrites - receives signals
• Axon - sends signals
• Axon hillock
• Axoplasm
Axolemma

A

Parts of a Neuron

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13
Q

free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Cell body (perikaryon/soma)
• Nissi bodies

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14
Q

cytoskeleton (2)

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Neurofibrils and microtubules

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15
Q

Yellowish brown pigment

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Lipofuscin

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16
Q

receives signals

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Dendrites

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17
Q

sends signals

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Fast axonal transport
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Slow axonal transport

A

Axon

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18
Q

3 types of Axon

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

• Axon hillock
• Axoplasm
- Axolemma

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19
Q

site of communication between a neuron and another neuron or cell

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Synapse

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20
Q

Search gpt

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Neurotransmitter

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21
Q

moves materials at 1-5mm per day (anterograde)

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Slow axonal transport

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22
Q

moves materials at 200-400m per day (anterograde & retrograde)

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Fast axonal transport

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23
Q

3 Functional Classification of Neuron

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) neurons
  2. Interneurons
  3. Motor (efferent) neurons
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24
Q

Structural support of the nervous system

Choice’s
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Ganglion
- Neuroglia
- Neurolemma
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Nucleus
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Microglia
- Myelination
- Oligodendrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Sensory function
- Schwann cells

A

Neuroglia

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25
Q

4 types of CNS:

Choice’s
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Ganglion
- Neuroglia
- Neurolemma
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Nucleus
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Microglia
- Myelination
- Oligodendrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Sensory function
- Schwann cells

A

Astrocytes - largest and most numerous

• Microglia - phagocytes/WBC

• Ependymal cells - produce cerebrospinal fluid

• Oligodendrocytes - produce myelin

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26
Q

largest and most numerous

Choice’s
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Ganglion
- Neuroglia
- Neurolemma
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Nucleus
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Microglia
- Myelination
- Oligodendrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Sensory function
- Schwann cells

A

Astrocytes

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27
Q

phagocytes/WBC

Choice’s
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Ganglion
- Neuroglia
- Neurolemma
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Nucleus
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Microglia
- Myelination
- Oligodendrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Sensory function
- Schwann cells

A

Microglia

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28
Q

produce myelin in CNS

Choice’s
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Ganglion
- Neuroglia
- Neurolemma
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Nucleus
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Microglia
- Myelination
- Oligodendrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Sensory function
- Schwann cells

A

Oligodendrocytes

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29
Q

produce cerebrospinal fluid ?

A

Ependymal cells

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30
Q

2 types of PNS

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System (SNS): This part of the PNS is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body’s sensory receptors (such as the skin, eyes, and ears) to the central nervous system (CNS) and for carrying motor commands from the CNS to the skeletal muscles, controlling voluntary movements.
  2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): The ANS regulates involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and glandular secretion. It can be further divided into the sympathetic nervous system (which activates the “fight or flight” response) and the parasympathetic nervous system (which promotes “rest and digest” activities).

These two divisions of the PNS play crucial roles in controlling various physiological processes and responding to external and internal stimuli.

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31
Q

produce myelin

Choice’s
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Ganglion
- Neuroglia
- Neurolemma
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Nucleus
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Microglia
- Myelination
- Oligodendrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Sensory function
- Schwann cells

A

Schwann cells

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32
Q

regulate exchange of materials

Choice’s
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Ganglion
- Neuroglia
- Neurolemma
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Nucleus
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Microglia
- Myelination
- Oligodendrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Sensory function
- Schwann cells

A

Satellite cells

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33
Q

• Axons can either be myelinated or unmyelinated
• Neurolemmaouter layer of the Schwann cell
• Nodes of Ranvier - gaps in the myelin sheath

Choice’s
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Ganglion
- Neuroglia
- Neurolemma
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Nucleus
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Microglia
- Myelination
- Oligodendrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Sensory function
- Schwann cells

A

Myelination

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34
Q

_____ can either be myelinated or unmyelinated

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

A

Axons

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35
Q

outer layer of the Schwann cell ?

Is schwann from CNS or PNS ?

A

Neurolemma

PNS

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36
Q

gaps in the myelin sheath

Choice’s
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Ganglion
- Neuroglia
- Neurolemma
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Nucleus
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Microglia
- Myelination
- Oligodendrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Sensory function
- Schwann cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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37
Q

cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

Choice’s
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Ganglion
- Neuroglia
- Neurolemma
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Nucleus
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Microglia
- Myelination
- Oligodendrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Sensory function
- Schwann cells

A

Ganglion

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38
Q

cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nucleus

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39
Q

bundle of axons in the PNS

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Nerve

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40
Q

bundle of axons in the CNS

A

Tract

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41
Q

myelinated rans

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

White matter

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42
Q

contains Functional cell bodies, dendrites, yelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Something yadayada matter

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43
Q

Graded potentials - short-distance communication
• Action potentials - long-distance communication

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Electrical Signals in Neurons

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44
Q

short-distance communication

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Graded potentials

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45
Q

long-distance communication

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Action potentials

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46
Q

Exists because of a small build-up of negative ions in the inside of the membrane, and an equal build-up of positive ions outside the membrane

A

Resting Membrane Potential

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47
Q

Such separation of positive and negative electrical charges is a form of ________

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

potential energy, measured in volts or millivolts (mV)

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48
Q

-40 to -90 mV (typical -70 mV)

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

RMP in neurons:

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49
Q

A cell that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be _________

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

polarized

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50
Q

• Unequal distribution of ions in the
ECF and ICF
• Inability of most anions to leave the cell
• Electrogenic nature of the sodium-potassium ATPases

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Factors of RMP

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51
Q

Small deviation from the resting membrane potential that makes the membrane either more polarized or less polarized. Vary in amplitude, depending on the strength of stimulus. Most graded potentials occur in the dendrites and cell bodies

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Graded Potentials

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52
Q

What phase does the membrane potential becomes positive ?

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Depolarization

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53
Q

Occurs when membrane potential is restored to resting state

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Repolarization

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54
Q

Phase when it temporarily becomes more negative than the resting level

A

Hyperpolarization

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55
Q

cut-off for depolarization to occur at the ______

A

Threshold

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56
Q

about -55 mV in neurons

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Threshold

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57
Q

When will the AP not occur ?

A

Subthreshold stimulus

58
Q

When does the AP occur ?

A

Threshold stimulus

59
Q

AP

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Action Potentials

60
Q

several AP will form

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Suprathreshold stimulus

61
Q

An ___________ either occurs completely, or it does not occur at all.

A

action potential

An action potential either occurs completely, or it does not occur at all.

62
Q

____________ channels open rapidly

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Voltage-gated Na+

63
Q

Influx of ______ causes the depolarizing phase of the action potential

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

64
Q

Inflow of Na+ changes the membrane potential from (1)_____ to (2)_____

A
  1. -55 mV
  2. +30 mV
65
Q

All voltage-gated Na* and K* channels are closed. The axon plasma membrane is at resting membrane potential: small buildup of negative charges along inside surface of membrane and an equal buildup of positive charges along outside surface of membrane.

Choice’s
- Action potentials
- Depolarization
- Electrical Signals in Neurons
- Graded Potentials
- Hyperpolarization
- Na+
- Nerve
- potential energy
- polarized
- Repolarization
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Resting State
- RMP in neurons:
- Subthreshold stimulus
- Suprathreshold stimulus
- Threshold
- Threshold stimulus
- Tract
- White matter
- Voltage-gated Na+
- -55 mV
- +30 mV

A

Resting state

66
Q

All voltage-gated (1)___ and (2)_____ channels are closed. The (3)______ is at resting membrane potential: small buildup of (4)______ charges along inside surface of membrane and an equal buildup of (5)____ charges along outside surface of membrane.

Choice’s
- Absolute refractory period
- Amount of myelination
- Axon diameter
- axon plasma membrane
- Continuous conduction
- K
- K+
- Na
- negative
- positive
- Relative refractory period
- Repolarization Phase
- Refractory Period
- Saltatory conduction
- Temperature
- Factors that affect speed of propagation

A
  1. Na*
  2. K*
  3. axon plasma membrane
  4. negative
  5. positive

All voltage-gated Na and K channels are closed. The axon plasma membrane is at resting membrane potential: small buildup of negative charges along inside surface of membrane and an equal buildup of positive charges along outside surface of membrane.

67
Q

Voltage-gated ____ channels are closed

Choice’s
- Absolute refractory period
- Amount of myelination
- Axon diameter
- axon plasma membrane
- Continuous conduction
- K
- K+
- Na
- negative
- positive
- Relative refractory period
- Repolarization Phase
- Refractory Period
- Saltatory conduction
- Temperature
- Factors that affect speed of propagation

A

Na+

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed

68
Q

Voltage-gated ____ channels open slowly, causing outflow of K+ ions

Choice’s
- Absolute refractory period
- Amount of myelination
- Axon diameter
- axon plasma membrane
- Continuous conduction
- K
- K+
- Na
- negative
- positive
- Relative refractory period
- Repolarization Phase
- Refractory Period
- Saltatory conduction
- Temperature
- Factors that affect speed of propagation

A

K+

Voltage-gated K+ channels open slowly, causing outflow of K+ ions

69
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

Choice’s
- Absolute refractory period
- Amount of myelination
- Axon diameter
- axon plasma membrane
- Continuous conduction
- K
- K+
- Na
- negative
- positive
- Relative refractory period
- Repolarization Phase
- Refractory Period
- Saltatory conduction
- Temperature
- Factors that affect speed of propagation

A

Repolarization Phase

70
Q

What phase ?

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed
• Voltage-gated K+ channels open slowly, causing outflow of K+ ions
• Sodium-potassium pump

A

Repolarization Phase

71
Q

What period of time after an action potential begins during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential in response to normal threshold stimulus ?

A

Refractory Period

72
Q

Two types of refractory period

Choice’s
- Absolute refractory period
- Amount of myelination
- Axon diameter
- axon plasma membrane
- Continuous conduction
- K
- K+
- Na
- negative
- positive
- Relative refractory period
- Repolarization Phase
- Refractory Period
- Saltatory conduction
- Temperature
- Factors that affect speed of propagation

A

• Absolute refractory period
• Relative refractory period

73
Q

propagation of action potential that occurs along myelinated axons

Choice’s
- Absolute refractory period
- Amount of myelination
- Axon diameter
- axon plasma membrane
- Continuous conduction
- K
- K+
- Na
- negative
- positive
- Relative refractory period
- Repolarization Phase
- Refractory Period
- Saltatory conduction
- Temperature
- Factors that affect speed of propagation

A

Saltatory conduction

74
Q

occurs in unmyelinated axons and in muscle fibers

Choice’s
- Absolute refractory period
- Amount of myelination
- Axon diameter
- axon plasma membrane
- Continuous conduction
- K
- K+
- Na
- negative
- positive
- Relative refractory period
- Repolarization Phase
- Refractory Period
- Saltatory conduction
- Temperature
- Factors that affect speed of propagation

A

Continuous conduction

75
Q

• Amount of myelination
• Axon diameter
• Temperature

Choice’s
- Absolute refractory period
- Amount of myelination
- Axon diameter
- axon plasma membrane
- Continuous conduction
- K
- K+
- Na
- negative
- positive
- Relative refractory period
- Repolarization Phase
- Refractory Period
- Saltatory conduction
- Temperature
- Factors that affect speed of propagation

A

Factors that affect speed of propagation

76
Q

Factors that affect speed of propagation (3)

Choice’s
- Absolute refractory period
- Amount of myelination
- Axon diameter
- axon plasma membrane
- Continuous conduction
- K
- K+
- Na
- negative
- positive
- Relative refractory period
- Repolarization Phase
- Refractory Period
- Saltatory conduction
- Temperature
- Factors that affect speed of propagation

A

• Amount of myelination
• Axon diameter
• Temperature

77
Q

What is the largest diameter of myelinated axons; associated with touch, pressure, joint position, some thermal and pain sensations, and motor neurons of skeletal muscle ?

78
Q

What fiber has a myelinated axons; constitute autonomic motor neurons ?

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

79
Q

What fiber has the smallest diameter of unmyelinated axons; associated with pain, touch, pressure, heat and cold, and autonomic motor fibers to the heart, smooth muscles, and glands ?

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

80
Q

These are what ?

• Axodendritic
• Axosomatic
• Axoaxonic

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Signal Transmission at Synapses

81
Q

What are the Signal Transmission at Synapses? (3)

A

• Axodendritic
• Axosomatic
• Axoaxonic

82
Q

Action potentials conduct directly between the plasma membranes of adjacent neurons through gap junctions

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Electrical Synapses

83
Q

What type of synapse is common in visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the developing embryo ?

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Electrical Synapses

84
Q

Which synapse has an advantage of a faster communication and synchronization ?

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Electrical Synapses

85
Q

Separated by a synaptic cleft

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Chemical Synapses

86
Q

Uses neurotransmitters for communication between cells

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Chemical Synapses

87
Q

type of ligand-gated channel that has a neurotransmitter binding site and an ion channel

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

lonotropic receptors

88
Q

contains a neurotransmitter binding site but lacks an ion channel

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Metabotropic receptors

89
Q

Removal of Neurotransmitter (3)

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

• Diffusion
• Enzymatic degradation
• Uptake by cells

90
Q

• Diffusion
• Enzymatic degradation
• Uptake by cells

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Removal of Neurotransmitter

91
Q

What summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at different locations in the membrane at the same time ?

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Spatial summation

92
Q

summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at the same location at different times

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Temporal summation

93
Q

summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at different locations in the membrane at the same time

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Spatial summation

94
Q

Which neurotransmitter

• Glutamate - brain synapses
• Aspartate
• ATP and other purines - both CNS and PINS
• Nitric oxide - brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and nerves to the penis
• Carbon monoxide - vasodilation, memory, olfaction, vision, thermoregulation, insulin release, and anti-inflammatory

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Excitatory

95
Q

Which type of neurotransmitter

• Gamma aminobutyric acid
(GABA) - CNS
• Aspartate
• ATP and other purines - both CNS and PINS
• Nitric oxide - brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and nerves to the penis
• Carbon monoxide - vasodilation, memory, olfaction, vision, thermoregulation, insulin release, and anti-inflammatory
• Glycine

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

96
Q

Which neurotransmitter

• Acetylcholine - ionotropic or metabotropic receptors
• Norepinephrine - arousal, dreaming, and mood
• Epinephrine
• Dopamine - emotional responses.
addictive behaviors, and pleasurable experiences
• Serotonin - sensory reception, temperature regulation, mood control, appetite, and sleep

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

97
Q

What is the most important neurotransmitter to the brain synapses ?

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Glutamate

Glutamate is considered one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain. It plays a pivotal role in excitatory synaptic transmission, which means it enhances the likelihood of a postsynaptic neuron firing an action potential. There are several reasons why glutamate is crucial:

  1. Abundance: Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, found in many neurons throughout various brain regions.
  2. Learning and Memory: Glutamate is integral to processes like synaptic plasticity, which underlies learning and memory. It strengthens synaptic connections, allowing for the formation of memories and the ability to learn.
  3. Brain Function: Glutamate is involved in a wide range of cognitive functions, including perception, thinking, and emotion regulation.
  4. Neural Communication: It serves as a key messenger in communication between neurons, transmitting signals across synapses and influencing the overall network activity in the brain.
  5. Homeostasis: Glutamate also plays a role in maintaining the balance of excitation and inhibition in the brain, which is essential for proper brain function.

In summary, glutamate’s abundance and central role in synaptic transmission and cognitive functions make it one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain. It is fundamental to neural communication, learning, and memory processes.

98
Q

What can indirectly influence both CNS and PNS ? (2)

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

ATP and other purines

99
Q

What plays a role in neural signaling, regulation of blood flow, and functions related to these areas in the body like the brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and nerves to the penis ?

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a significant role in the context of the elements you’ve mentioned. Here’s how NO is related to each of them:

  1. Brain: In the brain, nitric oxide serves as a neurotransmitter. It’s involved in various processes, including synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. NO signaling in the brain can impact cognitive function.
  2. Spinal Cord: Nitric oxide also plays a role in the spinal cord, where it can act as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. It’s involved in the regulation of sensory information and motor control.
  3. Adrenal Glands: NO has been found to have effects on adrenal gland function. It can influence the release of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol from the adrenal glands, which are involved in the body’s stress response.
  4. Nerves to the Penis: In the context of sexual function, nitric oxide is crucial. It’s produced in the nerves that lead to the penis and acts as a vasodilator, relaxing blood vessels in the penis. This allows for increased blood flow and is essential for achieving and maintaining an erection.

In summary, nitric oxide is a signaling molecule that has diverse functions throughout the body, including its involvement in neural communication, hormone regulation, and sexual function, making it relevant to the brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and nerves to the penis.

100
Q

It is like NO, is not produced in advance and packaged into synaptic vesicles. It too is formed as needed and diffuses out of cells that produce it into adjacent cells. It is an excitatory neurotransmitter produced in the brain and in response to some neuromuscular and neuroglandular functions. It might protect against excess neuronal activity and might be related to dilation of blood vessels, memory, olfaction (sense of smell), vision, thermoregulation, insulin release, and anti- inflammatory activity.

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Carbon monoxide (CO)

101
Q

ionotropic or metabotropic receptors

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Acetylcholine

102
Q

arousal, dreaming, and mood

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Norepinephrine

103
Q

emotional responses.
addictive behaviors, and pleasurable experiences

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

104
Q

sensory reception, temperature regulation, mood control, appetite, and sleep

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

105
Q

Found in sensory neurons, spinal cord pathways, and parts of brain associated with pain; enhances perception of pain.

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Substance P

106
Q

Inhibit pain impulses by suppressing release of substance P; may have role in memory and learning, control of body temperature, sexual activity, and mental illness.

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Enkephalins

107
Q

Skip 🥺🥺🥺🥺🥺🥺🥺🥺

A

Endorphins

108
Q

What is the name of the endogenous opioid peptides that play a role in both pain modulation and emotional regulation.

A

Dynorphins

109
Q

Produced by hypothalamus; regulate release of hormones by anterior pituitary.

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

110
Q

Stimulates thirst; may regulate blood pressure in brain. As a hormone, causes vasoconstriction and promotes release of aldosterone, which increases rate of salt and water reabsorption by kidneys.

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Angiotensin II

111
Q

Found in brain and small intestine; may regulate feeding as a “stop eating” signal. As a hormone, regulates pancreatic enzyme secretion during digestion, and contraction of smooth muscle in gastrointestinal tract.

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

112
Q

Stimulates food intake: may play a role in the stress response.

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Neuropeptide Y

113
Q

capability to change and adapt

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Plasticity

114
Q

birth of new neurons from undifferentiated stem cells

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

A

Neurogenesis

115
Q

In the _____, damage to dendrites and myelinated axons may be repaired if the cell body and Schwann cell remains intact

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

116
Q

In the ___, little or no repair of damage to neurons occurs

Choice’s
- Angiotensin II
- Acetylcholine
- Carbon monoxide
- CNS
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Dopamine
- Dynorphins
- Hypothalamic releasing
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
- inhibiting hormones
- Neurogenesis
- Neuropeptide Y
- Nitric oxide
- Norepinephrine
- PNS
- Plasticity
- Serotonin
- Substance P

117
Q

What type of channel is responsible for generating a depolarizing graded potential in response to pressure, and what is the resulting electrical potential called? (2)

A
  1. Mechanically- gated channel
  2. Graded Potential
118
Q

What type of channels are involved in responding to a mechanical stimulus in the nervous system, and what kind of potential is generated as a result ?

A
  1. Mechanically- gated channel
  2. Graded Potential
119
Q
  1. Depolarizing graded potential caused by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
  2. What Potential ?
A
  1. Ligand-gated channel open
  2. Graded Potential
120
Q
  1. a ligand stimulus
  2. What Potential ?
A
  1. Ligand-gated channel open
  2. Graded Potential
121
Q
  1. Hyperpolarizing graded potential caused by the neurotransmitter glycine
  2. What Potential ?
A
  1. Ligand-gated channel
  2. Graded Potential
122
Q
  1. Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed, and the axon’s membrane is at its resting potential with negative charges inside and positive charges outside.
  2. What Potential ?
A
  1. Resting State
  2. Action Potential
123
Q
  1. When the axon’s membrane potential hits the threshold, Na+ channel gates open, allowing positive charges inside
  2. What Potential ?
A
  1. Depolarizing phase:
  2. Action Potential

When the axon’s membrane potential hits the threshold, Na+ channel gates open, allowing positive charges inside, causing membrane depolarization.

124
Q
  1. Na+ inactivation gates close, K+ channels open, initiating repolarization as K+ ions exit, and negative charges accumulate inside.
  2. What Potential ?
A
  1. Repolarizing phase begins
  2. Action Potential
125
Q
  1. Continued K+ outflow leads to increased negative charge buildup inside, eventually restoring the resting membrane potential. When K+ gates close, the neuron returns to its resting state.
  2. What Potential ?
A
  1. Repolarization phase continues
  2. Action Potential
126
Q

Which Potential Propagate and thus permit communication over longer distances.

A

Action Potential

127
Q

Which Potential Depending on strength of stimulus, varies from less than 1 mV to more than 50 mV.

A

Graded Potential

128
Q

All Or None

A

Action Potential

129
Q

Which Potential is Refractory period present

A

Action Potential

Present; summation cannot occur

130
Q

Which Potential Arise at trigger zones and propagate along axon.

A

Action Potential

131
Q

Which potential arise mainly in dendrites and cell body ?

A

Graded Potential

132
Q

propagation of a muscle action potential along the sarcolemma and into the T tubule system initiates the events of ____________

A

muscle contraction

133
Q

The typical resting membrane potential of a neuron is (1)_______, but it is closer to (2)_______ in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers. The duration of a nerve impulse is (3)_______,

A
  1. -70 mV
  2. -90mV
  3. 0.5-2msec

The typical resting membrane potential of a neuron is −70 mV, but it is closer to −90 mV in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers. The duration of a nerve impulse is 0.5–2 msec

134
Q

a muscle action potential is considerably longer—about ___–___ msec for skeletal muscle fibers and ___–___ msec for cardiac and smooth muscle fibers. Finally, the propagation speed of action potentials along the largest diameter myelinated axons is about _____ times faster than the propagation speed along the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber.

A
  1. 1-5 msec
  2. 10-300 msec
  3. 18 times

a muscle action potential is considerably longer—about 1.0–5.0 msec for skeletal muscle fibers and 10–300 msec for cardiac and smooth muscle fibers. Finally, the propagation speed of action potentials along the largest diameter myelinated axons is about 18 times faster than the propagation speed along the sarcolemma of a skel- etal muscle fiber.

135
Q

What is a nerve cell that carries a nerve impulse toward a synapse. It is the cell that sends a signal ?

A

presynaptic neuron

136
Q

cell that receives a signal

A

postsynaptic cell

137
Q

is the cell that receives a signal. It may be a nerve cell called a (1)_____ that carries a nerve impulse away from a synapse or an (2)_______ that responds to the impulse at the synapse.

A
  1. postsynaptic neuron (post- = after)
  2. effector cell
138
Q

Skip this

A
  1. axodendritic synapses
  2. axosomatic synapses
139
Q

synapses may be electrical or chemical, and they differ both structurally and functionally. Synapses are essential for homeostasis because they allow in- formation to be (1)______ and (2)_________.

A
  1. Filtered
  2. Integrated

synapses may be electrical or chemical, and they differ both structurally and functionally. Synapses are essential for homeostasis because they allow in- formation to be filtered and integrated.

140
Q

produce myelin in PNS

A

Schwann Cell

141
Q

Which neurotransmitter

• Gamma aminobutyric acid
(GABA) - CNS
• Glycine

Choice’s
- ATP
- Axoaxonic
- Axosomatic
- Axodendritic
- both
- B fibers
- C fibers
- Chemical Synapses
- Diffusion
- Enzymatic degradation
- Electrical Synapses
- Excitatory
- fibers
- Glutamate
- lonotropic receptors
- Inhibitory
- Metabotropic receptors
- Other Purines
- Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Signal Transmission at Synapses
- Spatial summation
- Temporal summation
- Uptake by cells

A

Inhibitory

ANAPHYSIO (27 decks)

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