LESSON 5 LAB MANUAL Flashcards
Bone growth in length is called interstitial growth, and bone growth in diameter (thickness) is called ___________ growth.
Appositional
The crystallized inorganic mineral salts in bone contribute to bone’s hardness, while the collagen fibers and other organic molecules provide bone with ___________ strength.
Tensil
True or False ? Bone resorption involves increased activity of osteoclasts.
True
True or False ? The formation of bone from cartilage is known as endochondral ossification.
True
True or False ? The growth of bones is controlled primarily by hormones.
True
Place in order the steps involved in intramembranous ossification.
[ ] Periosteum develops on the bone’s periphery.
[ ] Bony matrices fuse to form a trabeculae.
[ ] Clusters of osteoblasts form a center of ossification that secretes the organic extracellular matrix.
[ ] Spongy bone is replaced with compact bone on the bone’s surface.
[ ] The extracellular matrix hardens by deposition of calcium and mineral salts.
[ 4 ] Periosteum develops on the bone’s periphery.
[ 3 ] Bony matrices fuse to form a trabeculae.
[ 1 ] Clusters of osteoblasts form a center of ossification that secretes the organic extracellular matrix.
[ 5 ] Spongy bone is replaced with compact bone on the bone’s surface.
[ 2 ] The extracellular matrix hardens by deposition of calcium and mineral salts.
Place in order the steps involved in endochondral ossification.
[ ] Secondary ossification centers appear at epiphyses.
[ ] Nutrient artery invades the perichondrium.
[ ] Osteoblasts become active in the primary ossification center.
[ ] Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify.
[ ] Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity.
Place in order the steps involved in endochondral ossification.
[ 5 ] Secondary ossification centers appear at epiphyses.
[ 2 ] Nutrient artery invades the perichondrium.
[ 3 ] Osteoblasts become active in the primary ossification center.
[ 1 ] Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify.
[ 4 ] Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity.
Spongy bone differs from compact bone because spongy bone:
[ ] is composed numerous osteons (haversian systems).
[ ] is found primarily in the diaphyses of long bones, and compact bone is found primarily in the epiphyses of long bones.
[ ] contains osteons all aligned in the same directions along lines of stress.
[ ] does not contain osteocytes contained in lacunae.
[ ] is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress.
is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress.
A primary effect of weight-bearing exercise on bones is to:
[ ] provide oxygen for bone development increase the demineralization of bone
[ ] maintain and increase bone mass
[ ] stimulate the release of sex hormones for bone growth
[ ] utilize the stored triglycerides from the yellow bone marrow
maintain and increase bone mass
Place in order the steps involved in the repair of a bone fracture.
[ ] formation of a hematoma at the site of fracture;
[ ] Osteoblast production of trabeculae and bone callus formation;
[ ] migration of fibroblasts to the fracture site;
[ ] bridging of broken ends of bones by a fibrocartilaginous callus;
[ ] resorption of remaining bone fragments and remodeling of bone;
[ 1 ] formation of a hematoma at the site of fracture;
[ 4 ] Osteoblast production of trabeculae and bone callus formation;
[ 2 ] migration of fibroblasts to the fracture site;
[ 3 ] bridging of broken ends of bones by a fibrocartilaginous callus;
[ 5 ] resorption of remaining bone fragments and remodeling of bone;
column-like layer of maturing chondrocytes
Choice’s
- zone of hypertrophic cartilage
- zone of resting cartilage
- zone of proliferating cartilage
- zone of calcified cartilage
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
layer of small, scattered chondrocytes anchoring the epiphyseal (growth) plate to the bone
Choice’s
- zone of hypertrophic cartilage
- zone of resting cartilage
- zone of proliferating cartilage
- zone of calcified cartilage
zone of resting cartilage
layer of actively dividing chondrocytes
Choice’s
- zone of hypertrophic cartilage
- zone of resting cartilage
- zone of proliferating cartilage
- zone of calcified cartilage
zone of proliferating cartilage
region of dead chondrocytes
Choice’s
- zone of hypertrophic cartilage
- zone of resting cartilage
- zone of proliferating cartilage
- zone of calcified cartilage
zone of calcified cartilage
involved in bone growth by increasing osteoblast activity; causes long bones to stop growing in length
Choice’s
- PTH
- CT
- Calcitriol
- Insulin-like growth factors
- sex hormones
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin K
sex hormones
during childhood, it promotes growth at epiphyseal plate;
production stimulated by human growth hormone
Choice’s
- PTH
- CT
- Calcitriol
- Insulin-like growth factors
- sex hormones
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin K
Insulin-like growth factors
raises blood calcium leves by increasing bone resorption
Choice’s
- PTH
- CT
- Calcitriol
- Insulin-like growth factors
- sex hormones
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin K
PTH
required for protein synthesis
Choice’s
- PTH
- CT
- Calcitriol
- Insulin-like growth factors
- sex hormones
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin K
Vitamin K
required for collagen synthesis
Choice’s
- PTH
- CT
- Calcitriol
- Insulin-like growth factors
- sex hormones
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin K
Vitamin C
decreases blood calcium levels by accelerating calcium deposition in bones and inhibiting osteoclasts
Choice’s
- PTH
- CT
- Calcitriol
- Insulin-like growth factors
- sex hormones
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin K
CT - Calcitonin
active form of Vitamin D; raises blood calcium levels by increasing absorption of calcium from digestive tract
Choice’s
- PTH
- CT
- Calcitriol
- Insulin-like growth factors
- sex hormones
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin K
Calcitriol
a partial break in a bone in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends
Choice’s
- closed (simple) fracture
- open (compound) fracture
- impacted fracture
- greenstick fracture
- stress fracture
- comminuted fracture
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
- osteomyelitis
greenstick fracture
a broken bone that does not break through the skin
Choice’s
- closed (simple) fracture
- open (compound) fracture
- impacted fracture
- greenstick fracture
- stress fracture
- comminuted fracture
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
- osteomyelitis
closed (simple) fracture
an infection of bone
Choice’s
- closed (simple) fracture
- open (compound) fracture
- impacted fracture
- greenstick fracture
- stress fracture
- comminuted fracture
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
- osteomyelitis
osteomyelitis
condition characterized by failure of new bone formed by remodelling to calcify in adults
Choice’s
- closed (simple) fracture
- open (compound) fracture
- impacted fracture
- greenstick fracture
- stress fracture
- comminuted fracture
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
- osteomyelitis
osteomalacia
a degeneration of articular cartilage allowing the bony ends to touch; worsens due to friction between the bones
Choice’s
- closed (simple) fracture
- open (compound) fracture
- impacted fracture
- greenstick fracture
- stress fracture
- comminuted fracture
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
- osteomyelitis
osteoarthritis
a broken bone that protrudes through the skin
Choice’s
- closed (simple) fracture
- open (compound) fracture
- impacted fracture
- greenstick fracture
- stress fracture
- comminuted fracture
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
- osteomyelitis
open (compound) fracture
a condition of porous bones characterized by decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures
Choice’s
- closed (simple) fracture
- open (compound) fracture
- impacted fracture
- greenstick fracture
- stress fracture
- comminuted fracture
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
- osteomyelitis
osteoporosis
microscopic bone breaks resulting from inability to withstand repeated stressful impact
Choice’s
- closed (simple) fracture
- open (compound) fracture
- impacted fracture
- greenstick fracture
- stress fracture
- comminuted fracture
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
- osteomyelitis
stress fracture
splintered bone, with smaller fragments lying between main fragments
Choice’s
- closed (simple) fracture
- open (compound) fracture
- impacted fracture
- greenstick fracture
- stress fracture
- comminuted fracture
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
- osteomyelitis
comminuted fracture
a broken bone in which one end of the fractured bone is driven into the other end
Choice’s
- closed (simple) fracture
- open (compound) fracture
- impacted fracture
- greenstick fracture
- stress fracture
- comminuted fracture
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
- osteomyelitis
Impacted fracture
rings of hard calcified matrix found just beneath the periosteum and lining the medullary cavity
Choice’s
- osteogenic cells
- osteocytes
- osteons (haversian svstems)
- perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
- circumferential lamelllae
- osteoblasts
- trabeculae
circumferential lamelllae
microscopic unit of compact bone tissue
Choice’s
- osteogenic cells
- osteocytes
- osteons (haversian svstems)
- perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
- circumferential lamelllae
- osteoblasts
- trabeculae
osteons (haversian svstems)
irregular lattice of thin columns of bone found in spongy bone tissue
Choice’s
- osteogenic cells
- osteocytes
- osteons (haversian svstems)
- perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
- circumferential lamelllae
- osteoblasts
- trabeculae
trabeculae
unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme
Choice’s
- osteogenic cells
- osteocytes
- osteons (haversian svstems)
- perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
- circumferential lamelllae
- osteoblasts
- trabeculae
osteogenic cells
tiny canals that penetrate compact bone; carry blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the periosteum
Choice’s
- osteogenic cells
- osteocytes
- osteons (haversian svstems)
- perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
- circumferential lamelllae
- osteoblasts
- trabeculae
perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
mature cells that maintain the daily metabolism of bone
Choice’s
- osteogenic cells
- osteocytes
- osteons (haversian svstems)
- perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
- circumferential lamelllae
- osteoblasts
- trabeculae
osteocytes
cells that secrete the components required to build bone
Choice’s
- osteogenic cells
- osteocytes
- osteons (haversian svstems)
- perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
- circumferential lamelllae
- osteoblasts
- trabeculae
osteoblasts
Membrane-filled spaces between cranial bones that enable the fetal skull to modify its size and shape for passage through the birth canal are called_________
Fontanels
The hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone contains the________ gland.
Pituitary Gland
The regions of the vertebral column that consists of fused vertebrae are the sacrum and the __________
Coccyx
True or False ? The atlanto-occipital joints allow you to rotate the head, as in signifying “no”
True.
The atlanto-occipital joints, which are between the atlas (C1 vertebra) and the occipital bone of the skull, allow for the nodding or “yes” motion of the head, as well as some limited side-to-side tilting. Rotational movements like those used to signify “no” primarily occur at the atlanto-axial joints, which are between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) vertebrae.
True or False ? Ribs that are not attached to the sternum are known as the true ribs.
False
In which of the following bones are paranasal sinuses not found?
Choice’s
- frontal bone
- ethmoid bone
- sphenoid bone
- lacrimal bones
- maxillae
lacrimal bones
Which of the following pairs are mismatched?
- mandible: only movable bone in the skull
- hyoid: bone that does not articulate with any other bone
- sacrum: supports lower back
- thoracic vertebrae: articulate with thoracic ribs posteriorly
- inferior nasal conchae: classified as facial bones
The mismatched pair in the list is:
- inferior nasal conchae: classified as facial bones
The inferior nasal conchae are actually classified as cranial bones, not facial bones.
Which of the following bones are not paired?
Choice’s
- vomer
- maxilla
- palatine
- nasal
- lacrimal
Vomer
The suture located between a parietal and temporal bone is the:
Choice’s
- lambdoid
- sagittal
- coronal
- anterolateral
- squamous
squamous
The primary vertebral curves that appear during fetal development are the
(1) cervical, (2) thoracic, (3) lumbar curve, (4) coccyx curve, (5) sacral curve.
Choice’s
- 2 & 3
- 1& 2
- 2 & 4
- 2 & 5
- 1 & 3
2 & 5
Which of the following are functions of the cranial bones?
(1) protection of the brain
(2) attachment of muscles that move the head
(3) protection of the special sense organs
(4) attachment of the meninges
(5) attachment of muscles that produce facial expressions
Choice’s
- 1, 2, and 5
- 1, 2, 4, and 5
- 2 and 5
- 1, 2, 3, and 5
- 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
1, 2, 3, and 5
large, rounded, rough projections
Choice’s
- foramen
- tuberosity
- spinous process
- crest
- facet
- fissure
- condyle
- fossa
- meatus
tuberosity
prominent ridge or elongated projection
Choice’s
- foramen
- tuberosity
- spinous process
- crest
- facet
- fissure
- condyle
- fossa
- meatus
Crest
tube-like opening
Choice’s
- foramen
- tuberosity
- spinous process
- crest
- facet
- fissure
- condyle
- fossa
- meatus
Meatus
large round protuberance at the end of a bone
Choice’s
- foramen
- tuberosity
- spinous process
- crest
- facet
- fissure
- condyle
- fossa
- meatus
Condyle
sharp, slender projection
Choice’s
- foramen
- tuberosity
- spinous process
- crest
- facet
- fissure
- condyle
- fossa
- meatus
spinous process
shallow depression
Choice’s
- foramen
- tuberosity
- spinous process
- crest
- facet
- fissure
- condyle
- fossa
- meatus
Fossa
smooth, flat articular surface
Choice’s
- foramen
- tuberosity
- spinous process
- crest
- facet
- fissure
- condyle
- fossa
- meatus
Facet
narrow slit between adiacent parts of bones for
Choice’s
- foramen
- tuberosity
- spinous process
- crest
- facet
- fissure
- condyle
- fossa
- meatus
Fissure
opening for passage of blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
Choice’s
- foramen
- tuberosity
- spinous process
- crest
- facet
- fissure
- condyle
- fossa
- meatus
Foramen
small bones located within joints between certain cranial bones
Choice’s
- irregular bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- sesamoid bones
- sutural bones
sutural bones
bones that develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress
Choice’s
- irregular bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- sesamoid bones
- sutural bones
sesamoid bones
cube-shaped bones that are nearly equal in length and width
Choice’s
- irregular bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- sesamoid bones
- sutural bones
short bones
bones that provide considerable protection and extensive areas for muscle attachment
Choice’s
- irregular bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- sesamoid bones
- sutural bones
Flat bones
bones with comblex shapes. including the vertebrae and some facial bones
Choice’s
- irregular bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- sesamoid bones
- sutural bones
Irregular bones
thin bones composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone
Choice’s
- irregular bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- sesamoid bones
- sutural bones
flat bones
patella is an examble
Choice’s
- irregular bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- sesamoid bones
- sutural bones
sesamoid bones
bones that have greater length than width and consist of a shaft and a variable number of extremities
Choice’s
- irregular bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- sesamoid bones
- sutural bones
long bones
Which of the following bones is called the keystone of the cranial floor, contains the sella turcica, optic foramen, and pterygoid processes
Choice’s
- temporal bones
- parietal bones
- frontal bone
- occipital bone
- sphenoid bone
sphenoid bone
Which of the following forms the forehead?
Choice’s
- temporal bones
- parietal bones
- frontal bones
- maxillae
- lacrimal bones
frontal bones
Which of the following is the largest, strongest facial bone and is the only movable skull bone?
Choice’s
- mandible
- maxilla
- hyoid bone
- vomer
- ethmoid bones
mandible
Which of the following form the bridge of the nose?
Choice’s
- lacrimal bones
- hyoid bones
- nasal bones
- palatine bones
- occipital bones
nasal bones
Which of the following bones is known as the smallest bones of the face; contain a vertical groove that houses a structure that gathers tears and passes them into the nasal cavity?
Choice’s
- nasal bones
- zygomatic bones
- inferior nasal conchae
- lacrimal bones
- palatine bones
lacrimal bones
Which of the following does not articulate with any other bone?
Choice’s
- zygomatic bones
- lacrimal bones
- palatine bones
- inferior nasal conchae
- hyoid bone
Hyoid bone
Which of the following form the posterior part of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and a small portion of the floors of the orbits?
Choice’s
- palatine bones
- vomer
- zygomatic bones
- ethmoid bone
- hyoid bone
palatine bones
The bones that make up the palm are the ________
Metacarpal
List the three bones that fuse to form the hip (coxal) bone: ilium, ischium, __________
PUBIS
The portion of the bony pelvis that is inferior to the pelvic brim is the ________ or lesser pelvis.
True
The portion that is superior to the pelvic brim is called the ____ or greater pelvis.
False
True or False ? The largest carpal bone is the lunate.
False
True or False ? The anterior joint formed by the two coxal (hip) bones is the pubic symphysis.
True
Which of the following is the most superior of the tarsals and articulates with the distal end of the tibia?
Choice’s
- talus
- calcaneus
- navicular
- cuboid
- cuneiform
Talus
Which of the following is (are) not true concerning the scapula?
(1) The lateral border is also known as the axillary border.
(2) The scapular notch accommodates the head of the humerus.
(3) The scapula is also known as the collarbone.
(4) The acromion process articulates with the clavicle.
(5) The coracoid process is utilized for muscle attachment.
Choice’s
- 1, 2, and 3
- 3 only
- 2 and 3
- 3 and 4
- 2, 3, and 5
3 Only
Which of the following is false?
- a decrease in the height of the medial longitudinal arch creates a condition known as clawfoot
- the transverse arch is formed by the navicular, cuneiforms, and bases of the five metatarsals
- the longitudinal arch has medial and lateral parts, both of which originate at the calcaneus
- arches help to absorb shocks
- arches enable the foot to support the body’s weight
This is False “
a decrease in the height of the medial longitudinal arch creates a condition known as clawfoot
“
The greater sciatic notch is located on the ________
Choice’s
- ischium
- femur
- ilium
- pubis
ilium
Which of the following is described as a large, triangular, flat bone found in the posterior part of the thorax?
Choice’s
- calcaneus
- scapula
- patella
- radius
scapula
Which of the followings is an S-shaped bone lying horizontally in the superior and anterior part of the thorax?
Choice’s
- scapula
- humerus
- clavicle
- ulna
- fibula
clavicle
Which of the following articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna?
Choices
- fibula
- humerus
- clavicle
- tibia
Humerus
Which of the following is located on the medial aspect of the forearm?
Choice’s
- ulna
- radius
- tibia
- fibula
- humerus
Ulna
The longest, heaviest, and strongest bone of the body:
Choice’s
- humerus
- tibia
- femur
- fibula
- calcaneus
Femur
Which of the following is the sesamoid bone that articulates with the femur and tibia?
Choice’s
- cuneiform
- calcaneus
- patella
- femur
- talus
Patella
located in the proximal row of carpals; its name
indicates that it is a “three-cornered”
Choice’s
- cuboid
- triquetrum
- calcaneus
- pisiform
- capitate
triquetrum
largest carpal bone
Choice’s
- cuboid
- triquetrum
- calcaneus
- pisiform
- capitate
Capitate
largest and strongest tarsal bone
Choice’s
- cuboid
- triquetrum
- calcaneus
- pisiform
- capitate
Calcaneus
most medial, pea-shaped bone located in the proximal row of carpals
Choice’s
- cuboid
- triquetrum
- calcaneus
- pisiform
- capitate
Pisiform
lateral bone that articulates with the calcaneus and metatarsals; IV-V
Choice’s
- cuboid
- triquetrum
- calcaneus
- pisiform
- capitate
Cuboid
obturator foramen
Choice’s
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- hip bone
- radius
Hip bone
greater trochanter
Choice’s
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- hip bone
- radius
Femur
lateral malleolus
Choice’s
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- hip bone
- radius
Fibula
radial tuberosity
Choice’s
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- hip bone
- radius
Radius
Bone growth in length is called _______ growth, and bone growth in diameter (thickness) is called appositional growth.
interstitial
