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Spain Flashcards

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1
Q

Who first established viticulture in Spain and when?

A

The Phoenicians in 1100BCE

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2
Q

When was sherry popularised in England?

A

15th century

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3
Q

When did phylloxera hit Europe?

A

1850s and 1860s

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4
Q

When Phylloxera hit Bordeaux, which 2 Bordelais winemakers came to Rioja?

A

Marques de Riscal
Marques de Murrieta

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5
Q

What 2 important lessons did the Bordelais teach Rioja in the mid 1800s?

A

Barrique aging and estate bottling

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6
Q

Why did Spain choose to use American oak rather than French oak?

A

It was more economic because Spain would be trading with their own colonies

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7
Q

What famous Spanish wine came to fruition in the second half of the 19th century in Spain?

A

Cava

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8
Q

When did Phylloxera arrive in Spain?

A

Early 20th century

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9
Q

When were Consejos Reguladores first established?

A

1930s

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10
Q

What winemaking advancement did Miguel Torres bring to Spain in the 1960s?

A

Temperature controlled fermentations and stainless steel vats

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11
Q

What are Spains quality tiers?

A

Vino de la Tierra (VdlT)
Denominacion de Origen (DO)
Denominacion de Origen Calificada (DOCa)
DO Pago

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12
Q

What quality level is VdlT?

A

Equal to table wine or IGP in Europe. The lowest quality level

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13
Q

What quality tiers are DO and DOCa?

A

Regional quality tiers equivalent to European DOPs. They regulate production and stipulate rules for producers. DOCa is higher quality

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14
Q

What are DO Pagos?

A

A superior appellation to just a normal DO. It lies within an existing DO, and is often applied to a single vineyard or collection of vineyards which surpass basic DO requirements. To apply, estate which produce wines from these vineyards should show international praise and a decade worth of quality production

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15
Q

What are the national wide DO aging regulations?

A

Crianza
Reserva
Gran Reserva

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16
Q

What are the general DO aging requirements for Crianza?

A

Red = minimum 2 year including 6 months in oak
White/Rosado = minimum 18 months including 6 months in oak

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17
Q

What are the general DO aging requirements for Reserva?

A

Red = minimum 3 years including 1 year in oak
White/Rosado = minimum 2 years including 6 months in oak

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18
Q

What are the general DO aging requirements for Gran Reserva?

A

Red = minimum 5 years including 18 months in oak
White/Rosado = minimum 4 years including 6 months in oak

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19
Q

What mountains protect Rioja to the northeast and northwest respectively?

A

Pyrenees to the northeast
Cantabrian to the northwest

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20
Q

Which river flows through Rioja DOCa?

A

Ebro River

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21
Q

Where does the name Rioja come from?

A

The Oja tributary coming off the Ebro River

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22
Q

When was Rioja given DOCa status?

A

1991, the first do be given this status

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23
Q

In what year was Rioja officially recognised as a region by the King of Spain?

A

1102

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24
Q

What is the different between traditional and modernist Rioja?

A

Traditional Rioja is soft with muted fruit, firm acidity, and American oak
Modernist Rioja is riper and darker with more extraction and more French oak

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25
Q

What is the main grape of Rioja?

A

Tempranillo

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26
Q

What are the 5 authorised red grapes of Rioja?

A

Tempranillo
Garnacha
Mazuelo (Carignan)
Graciano
Maturana Tinta (from 2007)

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27
Q

How much of a red Rioja blend must the permitted red grapes make up?

A

85%
95% if destemmed

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28
Q

What other grapes can be used in red Rioja blends if they make up less than 15% of the blend?

A

Experimental grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon

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29
Q

What are the 4 main white grapes of Rioja?

A

Viura is the dominant grape
Garnacha Blanca
Malvasia Riojano
Maturana Blanca

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30
Q

What are the grapes requirements for Rioja Rosado wines?

A

Minimum 25% of the 4 primary red grapes of Rioja

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31
Q

What are the respective aging requirements for Rioja DOCa?

A

Crianza = 2 years including 1 year in oak
Reserva = 3 years including 1 year in oak
Gran Reserva = 5 years including 2 years in oak and 2 years in bottle

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32
Q

What type of casks must Rioja be aged in?

A

225 litre barriques

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33
Q

What are the 3 subzones of Rioja?

A

Rioja Alta
Rioja Alavesa
Rioja Oriental

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34
Q

What types of wines typically come from Rioja Alavesa?

A

Joven wines for early consumption

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35
Q

What is the northernmost subregion in Rioja?

A

Rioja Alavesa

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36
Q

Which subzone is in the southwest of Rioja?

A

Rioja Alta

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37
Q

Which 3 grapes dominate Rioja Alta?

A

Tempranillo
Mazuelo
Graciano

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38
Q

What are the general soils of Rioja Alta and Rioja Alavesa?

A

Calcareous clay

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39
Q

What are the soils of Rioja Oriental?

A

More alluvial and ferrous clay

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40
Q

Which grape performs best in Rioja Orientel?

A

Garnacha

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41
Q

When blending all 3 regions to create a standard Rioja, what does each region give to the blend?

A

Alta gives acidity
Alavesa gives freshness
Oriental gives alcohol and extract

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42
Q

When was the Vinedos Singulares officially introduced to Rioja?

A

2017

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43
Q

What is the Vino Espumoso de Calidad in Rioja, and when was it formed?

A

Formed in 2018, its an appellation for traditional method sparkling wine from Rioja

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44
Q

What are the aging categories for Vino Espumoso de Calidad?

A

Crianza = 15 months on lees
Reserva = 24 months on lees
Gran Anada = 36 months on lees

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45
Q

Where is Navarra DO?

A

Directly northeast of Rioja

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46
Q

What style of wine is Navarra best known for?

A

Still, dry rosado wine

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47
Q

When did Navarro DO first receive recognition for its rosados?

A

15th century

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48
Q

How much of production do rosados make up nowadays?

A

30%

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49
Q

What are the 2 dominant red grapes of Navarra?

A

Tempranillo and Garnacha

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50
Q

What is the dominant white grape of Navarra?

A

Chardonnay

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51
Q

How many subzones and DO Pagos does Navarra have?

A

5 subzones
3 DO Pagos

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52
Q

What are the 5 subzones of Navarra?

A

Valdizarbe
Baja Montana
Tierra Estella
Ribera Alta
Ribera Baja

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53
Q

Where is Aragon located?

A

East of Rioja and Navarra

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54
Q

How may DOs does Aragon have?

A

4

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55
Q

What is the main grape of Aragon?

A

Garnacha

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56
Q

Which grape is used for the white wines of Aragon?

A

Viura

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57
Q

Which subzone of Aragon is one of the oldest DOs in Spain and the ancestral home of Mazuelo?

A

Carinena

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58
Q

Where is Catalonia?

A

Northeast Spain bordering France just south of the Pyrenees

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59
Q

Which French region does Catalonia share a culture and lineage with?

A

Cote de Roussillon

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60
Q

Which 2 important wine advancements made their Spanish debuts in Catalonia?

A

Traditional method sparkling wines
Stainless steel fermentation

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61
Q

What is the DOCa of Catalonia?

A

Priorat

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62
Q

Where does the name Priorat come from?

A

Priorato de Scala Dei, a Carthusian monastery

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63
Q

What are the 2 traditional grape varieties of Priorat?

A

Garnacha and Carinena

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64
Q

What are the soils of Priorat?

A

Llicorella, which is a mix of black slate and quartzite, requiring vines to dig deep for water and creating more complex flavours

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65
Q

Who initiated the Priorat movement in 1979?

A

Rene Barbier

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66
Q

When were the first vines planted by Barbier in Priorat?

A

1979

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67
Q

What are the original 5 wines of Priorat created as part of a cooperative led by Barbier?

A

Clos Mogador
Clos Dofi
Clos Erasmus
Clos de l’Obac
Clos Martinet

68
Q

What quality tier were the original Priorat wines released under?

A

Vino de mesa

69
Q

How many villages were permitted into the 2009 village category, allowing them to be stated on the label of the wines?

A

12

70
Q

What is the name of the DO which surrounds Priorat?

A

Montsant

71
Q

When was Montsant granted DO status?

A

2002

72
Q

Which 2 grapes dominate Montsant DO?

A

Garnacha and Carinena

73
Q

Where is Tarragona DO located?

A

Catalonian coastline

74
Q

Where is Penedes DO located?

A

North of Tarragona

75
Q

What are the 3 altitude zones of Penedes?

A

Baix-Penedes
Medio-Penedes
Alt-Penedes

76
Q

What is the main grape of Penedes?

A

Parellada

77
Q

When was traditional method sparkling introduced to Spain?

A

1872

78
Q

What are the 5 authorised grapes of Cava?

A

Parellada
Xarel-lo
Macabeo
Malvasia
Chardonnay

79
Q

Which grape performs best in the Medio-Penedes?

A

Tempranillo

80
Q

Which grapes performs best in the Baix-Penedes?

A

Garnacha and Monastrell

81
Q

What is special about the Cava DO appellation?

A

The only appellation in Europe to cover a style rather than a region

82
Q

What sign is imprinted on all Cava corks?

A

4 pointed star

83
Q

Where is Galicia located?

A

Northwest Spain

84
Q

What is the climate of Galicia?

A

Cool maritime

85
Q

What are the 5 DOs of Galicia?

A

Rias Baixas
Ribeiro
Valdeorras
Rebeira Sacra
Monterrei

86
Q

How many subzones does Rias Baixas have?

A

5

87
Q

What is the main grape of Rias Baixas?

A

Albariño

88
Q

What are the 2 northern subzones of Rias Baixas?

A

Val do Salnes
Ribeira do Ulla

89
Q

What 4 grapes must make up at least 70% of the northern regions white wines in Rias Baixas?

A

Albariño
Loureiro
Treixadura
Caino Blanco

90
Q

What are the 2 southern subzones of Rias Baixas?

A

O Rosal
Condado do Tea

91
Q

What are the grape requirements for southern zone white wines in Rias Baixas?

A

Minimum 70% Albariño, blended with Treixadura and/or Loureiro

92
Q

What are the aromas of a typical Albariño?

A

Stone fruit, citrus fruit, and minerality

93
Q

How much of Rias Baixas is devoted to Albariño?

A

Roughy 96% of vineyards

94
Q

What are the 3 main red grapes of Rias Baixas?

A

Caino
Espadeiro
Mencia

95
Q

When did Ribeiro first export to England?

A

17th century

96
Q

What river is Ribeiro located on?

A

Minho River

97
Q

What is the favoured white grape of Ribeiro?

A

Treixadura

98
Q

What is the favoured red grape of Rebeiro?

A

Caino

99
Q

Where is Valdeorras located?

A

The far east of Galicia

100
Q

What is the main white grape of Valdeorras?

A

Godello

101
Q

What does Ribeira Sacra mean?

A

Sacred bank

102
Q

How many subzones are within Ribeira Sacra?

A

5

103
Q

What are the 3 best performing grapes in Ribeira Sacra?

A

Red: Mencia
White: Treixadura, Godello

104
Q

What is Spains largest autonomia?

A

Castilla y Leon

105
Q

What is the climate of Castilla y Leon?

A

Moderate continental

106
Q

What river flows through Castilla y Leon?

A

Duero River

107
Q

When did Castilla y Leon receive their first DO Pagos?

A

2022

108
Q

Where are Bierzo DO and Leon DO located?

A

Northwest of Castilla y Leon

109
Q

What is the main grape variety of Bierzo and Leon DOs?

A

Mencia

110
Q

Which 2 towns is Ribera del Duero based around?

A

Aranda de Duero and Penafiel

111
Q

Who founded Vega Sicilia?

A

Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves

112
Q

When were the first vines planted for Vega Sicilia?

A

1864

113
Q

Which vintages of Vega Sicilia Unico helped the producer gain international acclaim at the Barcelona Wine Fair in 1929?

A

1917 and 1918 vintages

114
Q

What is the blend of Vega Sicilias flagship wine Unico?

A

Tinto del Pais (Tempranillo)
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot

115
Q

What year was Ribeira del Duero granted DO status?

A

1982

116
Q

Which estate in Ribera del Duero became known for producing serious wines alongside Vega Sicilia in the 1980s?

A

Pesquera

117
Q

Which grape must make up a minimum of 75% of Ribera del Duero white wines?

A

Albillo Mayor

118
Q

Which grape must make up a minimum 75% of Ribera del Duero red wines?

A

Tinto del Pais (Tempranillo)

119
Q

What are the stricter aging requirements of Ribera del Duero DO?

A

Crianza = 2 years total including 1 year in oak
Reserva = 3 years aging including 1 year in oak
Gran Reserva = 5 years aging including 2 years in oak

120
Q

What is required for the wines of Ribera del Duero to receive either the Roble or Joven aging labels?

A

Roble = wines with a minimum 3 months in oak
Joven = wines with less than 3 months in oak

121
Q

When did Rueda receive its DO?

A

1980

122
Q

What are the grape requirements for Rueda white wines?

A

Minimum 50% of Verdejo and/or Sauvignon Blanc
Often blended with Viura
Chardonnay and Viognier also common blending partners

123
Q

Which grape are the red wines of Rueda based off?

A

Tempranillo

124
Q

What are the grape requirements for Rueda Espumoso Brut or Brut Nature?

A

Minimum 75% Verdejo and/or Sauvignon Blanc

125
Q

Where is Toro DO located?

A

West of Rueda

126
Q

What are the grape requirements for Toro?

A

Minimum 75% Tinta de Toro (Tempranillo) or minimum 85% Garnacha

127
Q

What are the 2 commonly found white grapes in Toro?

A

Verdejo
Malvasia

128
Q

What wines commonly come from Tierra del Vino de Zamora?

A

Red wines based off 75% Tempranillo

129
Q

What wines commonly come from Arribes DO?

A

A mix of Portuguese and Spanish grapes as it’s on the Portuguese border
Reds are often based of Rufete and Tempranillo
Whites often based off Malvasia, Verdejo, and Albilla

130
Q

Where are the Cigales DO and Arlanza DO located?

A

Northwest Ribera del Duero

131
Q

What are the red wines if Cigales and Arlanza based off?

A

Garnacha and Tempranillo

132
Q

Which 2 regions make up Levante?

A

Valencia and Murcia

133
Q

What is the DO covering Valencia autonomia?

A

Valencia DO

134
Q

What is the main white grape of Valencia?

A

Merseguera

135
Q

What style of wine is Alicante DO known for?

A

Dessert wines made in an oxidative solera-style

136
Q

What grape dominates Alicante DO?

A

Monastrell

137
Q

Where is Utiel-Requena DO located?

A

Within Valencia DO

138
Q

What grapes make up the majority of Utiel-Requena DO?

A

Bobal

139
Q

What is Doble Pasta (commonly practiced in Utiel-Requena)?

A

Red wines macerated and fermented with twice the amount of skin and pulp, resulting in intense concentration, tannin, and colour. Often used to strengthen weaker blends

140
Q

What are the 3 DOs of Murcia?

A

Jumilla
Yecla
Bullas

141
Q

What are the soils of Jumilla DO?

A

Sandy soils

142
Q

What is the main grape of Jumilla DO?

A

Monastrell

143
Q

What is the major DO within Castilla-La Mancha?

A

La Mancha DO

144
Q

What is special about La Mancha DO?

A

It is Europe’s largest demarcated wine region

145
Q

What is the climate of La Mancha?

A

Hot and arid, continental

146
Q

What is the main red and white grape of La Mancha?

A

Cencibel (Tempranillo)
Airen

147
Q

Which white grape has overtaken Airen to become the most planted grape in La Mancha?

A

Chardonnay

148
Q

What is Mentrida DO famous for?

A

The DO Pagos Marques de Grinon. They illegally started drip irrigation and released their new, modern, concentrated wines as vino de mesa. They were granted DO Pagos on 2003

149
Q

What are the 5 DOs of Castilla La Mancha?

A

La Mancha
Mentrida
Almansa
Manchuela
Valdepenas

150
Q

What are the 2 DOs of Madrid?

A

Mondejar
Vinos de Madrid

151
Q

What is the main white grape of Madrid?

A

Malvar

152
Q

What is the sole DO of Extremadura?

A

Ribeira del Guadiana

153
Q

What are the 6 DOs of Andalucia?

A

Malaga
Sierras de Malaga
Montilla-Moriles
Condado de Huelva
Jerez-Xeres-Sherry
Manzanilla Sanlucar de Barremada

154
Q

Who is credited with transforming Andalucia into a Mediterranean hub?

A

The Moors

155
Q

When did the British arrive in Jerez to found their own bodegas?

A

17th and 18th century

156
Q

What are the 2 DO zones for Sherry?

A

Jerez-Xeres-Sherry
Manzanilla-Sanlucar de Barrameda

157
Q

Which 3 towns form a golden triangle of Sherry production?

A

Jerez de la Fontera
Sanlucar de Barremada
El Puerto de Santa Maria

158
Q

What are the 3 important grapes of Sherry?

A

Palomino
Pedro Ximinez
Moscatel

159
Q

What is another name for Palomino?

A

Listan

160
Q

What are the famous soils of Jerez?

A

White albariza

161
Q

Which soils in Jerez are best for Moscatel?

A

Barros- clay based soils with sandy topsoils

162
Q

What is the terroir of the Canary Islands?

A

Volcanic soils with a sub-tropical climate

163
Q

How many DOs does the Canary Islands have?

A

10

164
Q

What is a major benefit of the Canary Islands?

A

They were never hit by Phylloxera so have hundred year old vines

165
Q

What are the 4 main grapes of the Canary Islands?

A

Reds:
Listan Negro
Negramoll (Tinta Negra)

Whites:
Malvasia
Listan Blanco

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