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Neuro Block 2 > Somatosensation > Flashcards

Somatosensation Flashcards

0
Q

What is the cortico process of pain?

A

Procession

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1
Q

What is nociception?

A

The sensation of pain

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2
Q

When might you get both depolarization and hyperpolarization in a graded potential?

A

Auditory
You get a sin wave
Up and down

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3
Q

What is the first type of sensory receptor?

A

Primary afferent

Somatosensory, olfactory

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4
Q

What are the types of energy we can detect?

A

Electromagnetic - light and thermal
Mechanical - sound, gravity, touch
Chemical - tastants, odorants, physiological

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5
Q

What is meant by adequate stimulus?

A

1 receptors respond to one form of energy more than another
2 respond to a narrow range of energy

Example: the eye can perceive pressure if enough is applied, why you see stars. It is the adequate response

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6
Q

Does touch have a specialized receptor cell?

A

No

It is not a special sense

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7
Q

Does olfaction have specialized receptor cells?

A

No

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8
Q

What is population coding (recruitment)?

A

Receptive field overlap

One cell has a lowest threshold but with more stimulus neighboring neurons chime in

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9
Q

What is adaptation?

A

The ability for a sensory neuron to decline a constant stimulus

A decrease in response to a constant stimulus

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10
Q

What special sense does not decline?

A

Gravity

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11
Q

What is tonic reception?

A

More action potentials at the beginning than the end

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12
Q

What is phasic?

A

Faster tonic

More APs at the beginning than at the end

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13
Q

What is the ability to localize a stimulus?

A

Acuity

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14
Q

What determines acuity?

A

Receptive field size

Or receptor protein density

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15
Q

What does recruitment look like in the brain?

A

The primary neuron sends inhibitory signals to the adjacent interneurons so the secondary neurons do not have much intensity

Preserve acuity while coding intensity

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16
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Muscle and joints

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17
Q

What two receptors do steady pressure and stretch?

A

Merkeln and ruffini

Slowly adapting with small and large receptors fields respectively

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18
Q

What degree of acuity and adaptation do thermoreceptors have?

A

High acuity

Fast adaption

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19
Q

What adaptation and acuity do nociceptors have?

A

Poor acuity

Slow adaptation

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20
Q

What are all chemical receptors in the skin?

A

Nociceptors

21
Q

What do receptors proteins depend on?

A

The stimulus type and not so much the anatomy

22
Q

What degrees do cold receptors detect?

A

5-35 degree celcius
And greater than 45 celcius
Paradoxical cold
Also respond to menthol

23
Q

What do warm receptors respond to?

A

Between 30-45 celcius

Capsaicin

24
Q

What do you have to distinguish between for nociceptors?

A

Stimuli that open the channels (capsaicin, heat above 45, hydrogen)

And chemicals that will sensitive (lower the threshold for activating the channel). (Serotonin, ATP, bradykinin, prostaglandins)

25
Q

How do NSAIDS work?

A

You reduce PGs thereby reducing sensitization of nociceptors

26
Q

What does sensitization cause?

A

Hyperalgesia and Allodynia

These cause inflammation pain

27
Q

What channels are in nociceptors?

A

TRP channels

28
Q

What are some characteristics of TRP channels?

A

Non specific cation channels

Similar to VG channels

29
Q

How do you test point localization?

A

Two point discrimination test

30
Q

What are the categories of fibers?

A 
A delta (mechanoreceptors) - large myelinated
A gamma (mechanoreceptors, cold, fast pain) - un myelinated

C fibers (thermoreception, slow pain) - unmyelinated)

31
Q

What fibers do fast pain?

A

A delta

32
Q

Where does the perception happen?

A

In your cortex

33
Q

Where does pain arise from?

A

Nociceptors

34
Q

What are the three types of pain?

A

Acute nociception pain - fast (sharp, pricking) and slow (achy and dull)

Inflammatory pain - damage to the receptors or sensitization by damage to the region

Neuropathic pain - complex, peripheral and center, reorganization of pathway. No need for stimulus

35
Q

What leads to chronic pain syndromes?

A

Inflammation and neuropathic pain

36
Q

What are chronic pain characterized by?

A

Hyperalgesia and allodynia

Refractory to drugs

37
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Where activation of nociceptors In the viscera are perceived as a somatosensory problem

Like a heart attack

38
Q

What is the gate theory of pain?

A

Learn pain

Inhibitory neurons regulate transmission of ascending nocieptive information

39
Q

What suppresses sensation of pain normally?

A

A gate or inhibitory neuron that synapses to both the primary nociceptor and the secondary

40
Q

What does the afferent nociceptor release when you feel pain and what does it act of?

A

Glutamate is release by primary neuron.

  1. It activates AMPA receptors on the secondary neuron
  2. It activates metabotropic receptors and inhibits the inhibitory interneuron opening the gate
41
Q

What are some ways to modify the primary pain pathway?

A

Opiates

A beta fibers that activate the interneurons

42
Q

What is pattern theory?

A

It states that sensory information can be encoded by the coordinated timing of activity of multiple receptors

43
Q

What are TRP channels?

A

6 TM protein structurally similar to a VG channel

In taste, smell, hearing, mechanoreception, thermosensation, and nociception

44
Q

What is the second messenger of the TRP channel?

A

Trick question, there is none.
They incorporate the receptor protein within the Channel.

Permeable to cations (k, Na, Ca)
Flow is passive
Most times carried by Na

45
Q

What pathways does pain activate in addition to the STT?

A

The ANS (up heart rate, pupil dilation)
Fear
Reflexes

46
Q

What modulates the interneuron is gate theory other than the primary afferent neuron?

A

A mechanoreceptor like A beta which increases the activity of the interneuron

47
Q

What is TENS?

A

Trans-cutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

Activates suppression method of pain by increasing the activity of the interneuron

48
Q

What can the spinal cord use to block pain?

A 
Endogenous opioids (endorphins, enkephalins)
Which at on opioid receptors
49
Q

Where are the opioid receptors located?

A

Both on the first and second order neuron

Decreasing nociceptive transmission

50
Q

How do opioids affect the first order neuron?

A

By decreasing calcium conductance and therefore further NT release

51
Q

How do opioids affect the second order neuron?

A

Activation of opioid u receptors causes an increase in K conductance resulting in a IPSP

Neuro Block 2 (26 decks)

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