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Neuro Block 2 > Intro To Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Intro To Infectious Diseases Flashcards

0
Q

What is a bacteria associated with meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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1
Q

What side effect does prednisone do to the body?

A

Immunosuppression

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2
Q

What can cause encephalitis?

A 
Herpes
Abscesses (tumor) (strep and staph)
Ammonia build up tumor
Lupus
Hemmorhage 
Drugs
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3
Q

What area does meningitis involve?

A

The subarachnoid space

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4
Q

What area does encephalitis involve?

A

Diffuse parenchyma

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5
Q

What are does an abscess involve?

A

Some focus point

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6
Q

What are the four common symptoms of meningitis and how often does a Px have them?

A 
95% of Pxs have 2 out of:
Headache
Fever
Nuchal (neck) rigidity
Altered mentality
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7
Q

What is the most common cause of meningitis?

A

Viral

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8
Q

What is the most life threatening cause of meningitis?

A

Bacterial

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9
Q

What causes of meningitis usually only happen when the Px is immunocompromized?

A

Fungal and protozoan

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10
Q

What is one of the most important virulence factors that allow organisms to survive?

A

Capsule virulence factors so they can stay in the blood stream longer

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11
Q

What are the main symptoms of encephalitis?

A

Fever, headache, and altered mental status
Motor and sensory deficits not seen in meningitis

Progression leads to seizures, speech disturbances, lethargy, and coma

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12
Q

What percentage of cases of encephalitis have an unknown etiology?

A

33% - 66%

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13
Q

What are some none viral causes of encephalitis?

A

Entrovirus
Arbovirus
Herpes virus
Rabies virus

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14
Q

What are some none viral causes of encephalitis?

A

Rickettsia
Mycoplasma
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

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15
Q

What are symptoms of an abscess?

A

More focal neurological symptoms
Fever
Headache
Seizure

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of encephalitis?

A

Streptococci

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17
Q

What are some other bacteria that can cause a brain abscess?

A

Pseudomonas
Haemophilus
Staph
Bacteriodes

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18
Q

When do mycobacterium, fungi, or parasites cause abscesses?

A

When the Px is immunocompromized

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19
Q

How do you distinguish between

Encephalitis vs. Encephalopathy?

A

-itis -pathy
Headache common. Uncommon
Fever common. Uncommon
Inflammation. No inflammation
High WBC. Normal WBC

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20
Q

What are some causes of encephalopathy?

A

Build up of a drug or some metabolic product

21
Q

Are infections of the CNS common?

A

No

22
Q

What are important innate immune cells in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes and Microglia

23
Q

How does the rabies virus get into the brain?

A

Retrograde axonal transport

24
Q

What bacteria can be passed from a mother to a fetus through food?

A

Listeria

25
Q

What is the mortality rate for Listeria?

A

25%

26
Q

What diagnostic test do you do if you want to confirm Listeria infection?

A

Blood culture before treatment
Lumbar puncture
Imaging for abscess to avoid herniation

27
Q

How do you identify an organism?

A

Gram stain

PCR

28
Q

What properties of an antibiotic for Listeria would be good?

A

Gets into the brain (small)

Bacteriocidal

29
Q

What class is primarily used for brain infections?

A

3rd generation cephalosporins
Small lipophilic
Low affinity for plasma binding proteins
Include dexamethasone for decreasing inflammation

30
Q

What is the treatment for Listeria?

A

Ceftriaxone + ampicillin

By inhibiting Transpeptidation of peptidogylcan

31
Q

What is the spectrum for 3rd generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone?

A

For streptococci and more serious gram - infections. Can cross BBB
Also gram +
Worried about allergies
Inactivation by beta-lactamases

32
Q

What are major side effects of beta lactams?

A

Seizures since it crosses the BBB

33
Q

Why would you do neuroimaging?

A

Look for an abscess, herniation

34
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture done?

A

Between L3/4

35
Q

What are routine tests done on a lumbar puncture?

A 
WBC with diff
RBC
Glu concentration
Protein concentration
Gram stain
Bacterial culture
36
Q

What percent of CSF and blood cultures are positive?

A

40 and 60 respectively

37
Q

What levels help differentiate between viral and bacterial meningitis?

A

Elevated protein, decreased glucose, and increase polymorphonuclear leukocytes

38
Q

What stain is Listeria?

A

Gram positive

Intracellular

39
Q

What is the normal WBC for CSF?

A

0-5

40
Q

What’s is a typical WBC for someone with bacterial meningitis?

A

100-20000

Average is about 800

41
Q

What is PMN?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes-Granulocytes

42
Q

What is a normal PMN for bacterial meningitis?

A

> 80% PMN

43
Q

What is the typical WBC for someone with viral meningitis?

A

5-500

Average 50

44
Q

What is the typical PMN for viral meningitis?

A

Greater than 50 L

Less than 20 PMN

45
Q

What does a very high CSF protein indicate?

A

Bacterial meningitis while viral is lower but still high

46
Q

What do you see in CSF glucose for bacterial meningitis?

A

Low glucose because bacteria use glucose while viruses don’t

47
Q

What type of bacteria is Listeria?

A

Rod (gram positive)

48
Q

What are some virulence factors for Listeria?

A

Internalin - induces phagocytosis (intracellular)
Phospholipase - escape from vacuole
Listeriolysin - escape from vacuole
Actin tail - facilitate pseudopod

49
Q

Why do you use gentamicin and what does it do?

A

It is an aminoglyacide and inhibited ribosomes
Ampicillin helps it get into the cell
Gentimicin is added once listeria is found

Neuro Block 2 (26 decks)

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