Brain Neuro Transmitter Systems Flashcards
What is the concentration of chloride in the cell and in the CSF?
5mmol in the cell
120mmol outside the cell
What are the two main types of channels?
Voltage gated - Na and Ca
Ligand gated - glutamate, GABA, 5 HT
What is the reversal potential for chloride?
Approximately -70
How fast are the ligand gated channels?
Tens of milliseconds per opening
What are metabatropic receptors?
Typically inhibitory
Interacts GTP-binding proteins
Modulates voltage gated channels
Typically enhance K or inhibits Ca
What is an NMDA receptor?
One that responds to glutamate
Tells calcium to go in
What are the vast majority of receptors?
G protein coupled receptors
What are tyrosine kinase receptors?
Growth factor receptors
What infectious agent affects GI?
Pertussis
Inactivated it
How does prednisone and INF-beta
Transcription factor and couples to tyrosine kinase respectively
What is the rate of synaptic transmission?
0.5 mesic per synapse
What do inhibitory post synaptic potentials do?
Hyper polarize the membrane
How does lidocaine work?
Plugs up sodium channels
What is drug mechanism does the treatment for Parkinson’s do?
Give a precursor for dopamine
Stimulate synthesis
What is a drug that causes release of neurotransmitters?
Amphetamines
What are the two organizations of neuronal systems?
Hierarchical and diffuse
First has specific effect the later has many effects
What is glutamate associated with?
Hierarchical
Motor pathways
Excitatory
Postsynaptic
What are the three main types of glutamate receptors?
AMPA (Na and K)
NMDA (ca, Na, and K) - involved in memory. Needs depolarized membrane potential to work
Kainic acid (Na and K)
What does glutamate do presynaptically?
Inhibits
What does GABA do?
Inhibits
GABA a is a chloride channel to hyper polarize cells
GABA b is a metabatropic receptor either augmenting K or inhibiting Ca. Also inhibits adenlyl cyclase.
What are drugs that enhance GABA receptors?
Benzodiazepines to cause sedation
A GABA receptor (baclofen) is a muscle relaxant
What happens of you take away the influence of GABA?
Get a chicken with its head cut off
Convulsions
What does glycine do?
Inhibitory of the spinal cord and brainstem
Strict 9 blocks it
Inhibitory
Receptor is permeable to chloride
What does acetylcholine do?
Acts on:
Nicotinic receptors - sodium channel depolarization
Muscarinic receptors - reduce cAMP or increase Ca
Also increase potassium permeability
Involved in cognitive function and memory
What does dopamine do?
Two receptors
D1- couples to G proteins stim cAMP produc
Probably associated with Tourette’s
D2- couples to G protein to suppress cAMP
Important from substantia Nigra to striatum (Parkinson’s)
Suppresses GABA release
Slow inhibitory action
Present limib lobe
Stimulators to movement
What is norepinephrine?
High concentrations in locus coeruleus - blue spot
Acts via alpha 2 receptors - increase k conductance
Also alpha 1
Diffuse system
What do alpha 2 antagonists do?
Muscle spasmolytis
What are alpha 1 and beta receptors do?
Involved with attention and arousal
What receptors does serotonin act on?
5HT3 receptors - ionotropic and excitatory, conducts cations
5HT2a receptors - is metabotropic. agents that block this improve schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
What receptor is involved with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder?
5HT2a
What do serotonin re uptake inhibitors do?
Increase the amount of serotonin interacting with the receptor.
Creates an anti-depressant effect
What area is serotonin abundantly present?
In raphe and midline regions of the pons
What do opioids do?
It's a diffuse system Suppress pain Decrease calcium and cAMP Also interact with delta and kappa receptors Works in the spinal cord
What NT is associated with motor stimulation diseases?
Glutamte
What NT(s) is/are associated with motor inhibition diseases?
GABA
Glycine
Norepinephrine
What NT(s) is/are associated with motor stimulation diseases via inhibition of inhibition?
Dopamine
What NT(s) is/are associated with memory disease?
Acetylcholine
What NT(s) is/are associated with psychoses?
Dopamine D2 receptor
5 - hydroxy tryptamine 2 receptors
What NT(s) is/are associated with pain disease?
Opioids
