Neurotransmitter Metabolism

Question 0

What are the steps to neurotransmitter events?

Answer 0

Packing, depolarization, calcium release, nt release, clathrin mediated re uptake.

In all there are 11 steps

Question 1

What does absinthe have in it and what does it do?

Answer 1

Thujone

Blocks GABA receptors

Question 2

How do you define a neurotransmitter?

Answer 2

Nt is present
It is released
Activates a receptor
Application of transmitter

Question 3

What is the distinguished between small nt and peptide ones?

Answer 3

Small NTs are synthesized in presynaptic cleft

Peptides are produced in the ER and transported down

Question 4

How long does it take a vesicle to fuse and then recycle?

Answer 4

1 and 20msec respectively

Question 5

What are the two transporters that pump the NT against its gradient?

Answer 5

V-ATPase

VGLUT

Question 6

What are the three docking, attaching, and releasing proteins that we need to know for NT release?

Answer 6

SNAP25
Syntaxin
Synaptobrevin

These are on both sides and are SNARE proteins

Question 7

What are poisons that prevent NT docking and such?

Answer 7

Botulism and tetanus toxins Are zinc proteases
And alpha-latrotoxin which is spider toxin
Botulism prevents fusion of the vesicles

Question 8

What does alpha-latrotoxin do?

Answer 8

Causes vesicle to stay fuse without calcium

From the black widow

Question 9

How is acetylcholine made?

Answer 9

By combining acetyl CoA and choline

By Choline acetyltransferase

Question 10

How is acetylcholine degraded?

Answer 10

By acetylcholine esterase
Into the two starters
Does it quickly

Question 11

What two receptors receive acetylcholine?

Answer 11

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Question 12

What blocks the nicotinic receptor?

Answer 12

Curare

Question 13

What blocks the muscarinic receptor?

Answer 13

Atropine

Question 14

What is the disease that makes antibodies toward ACh receptors?

Answer 14

Myastavis gravis droppy eyes

Question 15

What does acetylcholine bind to on acetylcholine esterase?

Answer 15

Serine

Question 16

What blocks acetylcholine esterases?

Answer 16

Organo phosphates

Question 17

What is the cure for the nerve gas which blocks acetylcholine esterases?

Answer 17

Atropine to block muscarinic receptors

Question 18

How is glutamate deactivated?

Answer 18

By uptake by glial cells
Not by metabolism
Uses glutamate-glutamine cycles

Question 19

What is faster, ionotropic or metabotropic?

Answer 19

Ionotropic

Question 20

What does too much stimulation of the NMDA receptor do?

Answer 20

Cell death by too much calcium

Question 21

What group of NTs are derived from tyrosine?

Answer 21

Catacolamines

First dopamine, then norepinephrine, then epinephrine

Question 22

How is serotonin formed?

Answer 22

By tryptophan

Question 23

What is the physiological compounds that act like THC?

Answer 23

Anandamides

Question 24

Where are anandamides made?

Answer 24

In the post synaptic cell
Acts by modifiying the nt release
Called retrograde transmission

Question 25

What are disorders where you get catastophic depolarization and what causes it?

Answer 25

Hypoxia, hypoglycemia, seizures

Caused like a glutamate overdose on the AMPA receptor
Excitotoxicity

Question 26

Hat is the rate limiting step of catacolamine biosynthesis?

Answer 26

Tyrosine into dopa 
By TH (tyrosine hydroxylase)

Question 27

How is GABA synthesized?

Answer 27

From glutamate by:
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
Which uses pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor

Question 28

What does glutamic acid decarboxylase do and use as a cofactor?

Answer 28

Makes GABA from glutamate

Uses pyridoxal phosphate

Question 29

How are catacolamines deactivated?

Answer 29

By re uptake into the presynaptic terminal

Question 30

What is the product for dopamine excretion?

Answer 30

Homovanillic acid

Question 31

How is serotonin synthesized?

Answer 31

By tryptophan hydroxylase and a decarboxylase