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PMCOL 305 > solvents and inhalents > Flashcards

solvents and inhalents Flashcards

1
Q

what are solvents supposed to be used for

A

removing grease and oil

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2
Q

what are 2 examples of fuels

A

propane and gasoline

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3
Q

what are 2 examples of propellants

A

nitrous oxide, fluorinated hydrocarbon

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4
Q

what are 3 examples of anesthetics

A

chloroform, ether, nitrous oxide

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5
Q

what are the structural similarities between inhalents

A

none

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6
Q

what are the behavioural effects of inhalents

A

alcohol-like effects (euphoria, dizziness, disinhibition, impaired judgement, recklessness)

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7
Q

how long do the effects of inhalants last

A

15-45 mins, then 1-2 hours of drowsiness

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8
Q

what do inhalants do to motor (motor depression or excitation)
+at what levels

A

motor excitation

low levels

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9
Q

why do inhalants cause motor excitation at low levels

A

inhibition of inhibitory circuits

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10
Q

what do inhalants do at high levels

A

sedate or anesthetize,

then hallucinations, coma and death

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11
Q

what is so special about the fact that inhalants cause hallucinations

A

because they are the only depressant agents that do that

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12
Q

what are 4 popular types of compounds found in solvents

A

aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatics, chlorinated hydrocarbons and ketones

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13
Q

what kind of compound is propane

A

aliphatic hydrocarbon

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14
Q

what kind of compound is toluene

A

aromatic hydrocarbon

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15
Q

what kind of compound is tricholoethylene

A

chlorinated hydrocarbon

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16
Q

what is tricholoethylene supposed to be used for

A

dry cleaning, fabric protectors, degreasing agents (used to be used for anesthetics)

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17
Q

what is toluene normally found in

A

gasoline

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18
Q

what kind of compound is acetone

A

ketone

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19
Q

what are 3 methods of inhalant/ solvent administration

A

sniffing, bagging, huffinh

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20
Q

what is sniffing

A

direct inhalation from container

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21
Q

what is bagging

A

filling balloon or bag then inhaline

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22
Q

what is huffing

A

soak a cloth then hold over face

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23
Q

what are 3 dangers found with inhalant administration

A

it can cause asphyxiation, lung damage, hypoxia

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24
Q

are inhalants/solvents lipophilic or hydrophilic

A

lipophilic (highly)

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25
Q

how fast are inhalants/solvents delivered to the brain, why

A

delivered quickly to the brain because highly lipophilic

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26
Q

how fast do inhalants/solvents leave the brain, why

A

leave quickly to the brain because highly lipophilic

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27
Q

why do you need constant administration of inhalants/solvents

A

because they enter and leave the brain super fast

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28
Q

what determines the rate for most volatile substance entry/exit

A

diffusiong down a concentration gradient (and evaporation rate for the lungs)

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29
Q

what part of the body gets the highest amount of inhalants/solvents and why

A

brain and liver because they are fatty tissues with good blood flow

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30
Q

does body fat get a lot of inhalants/solvents distribution, and why

A

no because of relatively poor blood flow

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31
Q

what happens to inhalants/solvents if they are not exhaled (not volatile)

A

they are metabolized in liver

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32
Q

what does volatile mean

A

the liquid gives off gas I think

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33
Q

is toluene volatile? how much is exhaled

A

not really, only 20% is exhaled

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34
Q

what enzyme metabolizes the most of toluene

A

CYP2E1

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35
Q

how is toluene metabolized (2 steps)

A

into benzoic acid then hippuric acid (By conjugation with glycine)

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36
Q

what happens to body when toluene is metabolized

A

causes acidosis!! (hippuric acid is made)

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37
Q

is propane highly volatile? how is it handled in body

A

very volatile so eliminated unchanged via respiration

38
Q

what do inhalants/solvents do to NMDA activity

39
Q

which NMDA receptor subunits are most effected by inhalants/solvents

A

thsoe containing NR2B subunits

40
Q

what happens when benzene is added to NMDA channels

A

there is less channel activity

41
Q

are NR2A or NR2B subunits more effected by inhalants/solvents

42
Q

what do inhalants/solvents do to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

43
Q

which nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are most affected by inhalants/solvents

A

alpha4 beta2 receptors were the most effected

44
Q

which nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are least affected by inhalants/solvents

A

ones with alpha 7 subunits

45
Q

how do inhalants and alcohol compare

A

they seem to make similar effects

46
Q

what do inhalants/solvents do to GABA A receptors and when

A

direct enhancement in the presence of GABA

47
Q

what do inhalants/solvents do to glycine receptors and when

A

direct enhancement in the presence of glycine

48
Q

what do what do inhalants/solvents do to NMDA receptors

A

decrease activity

49
Q

what do inhalants/solvents do to NMDA receptors

A

decrease activity

50
Q

is glycine or GABA magnified more with inhalants/solvents

A

glycine (relatively)

51
Q

generally, what does inhalants/solvents do to receptors that are associated with neuronal excitability

which receptors are these

A

they inhibit them

glutamate NMDA and nicotinic acetylcholine

52
Q

generally, what does inhalants/solvents do to receptors that are associated with neuronal inhibition

which receptors are these

A

they activate them

GABA and glycine

53
Q

what do inhalants/solvents do to the reward pathway

A

increases dopamine and noradrenaline levels

54
Q

how is the VTA changed with inhalants/solvents

A

increases more DA release onto NAc and PFC

55
Q

how is the NAc changed with inhalants/solvents

A

they release more NA and receive more DA

56
Q

how is the PFC changed with inhalants/solvents

A

they release more NA and receive more DA

57
Q

why can inhalants/solvents increase risk of burns

A

they are heavier than air, can catch on fire if a match is lit

58
Q

what causes sudden sniffing death (physiologically)

A

cardiac arrhythmia

59
Q

which inhalants/solvents cause sudden sniffing death the most

A

toluene, butane

60
Q

how does toluene cause sudden sniffing death

A

cardiac arrhythmia- caused by inhibition of cardiac voltage-activated sodium channels + sensitizes the heart to the effects of adrenaline

61
Q

how does toluene cause sudden cardiac arrhythmia

A

inhibition of cardiac voltage-activated sodium channels+ sensitizes the heart to the effects of adrenaline

62
Q

what compounds inhibirs cardiac voltage-activated sodium channels+ sensitizes the heart to the effects of adrenaline

63
Q

what happens when compressed gasses are released directly into the throat (many steps)

A

they can freeze the vagal nerve, which irritates it and causes more ACh release which slows the heart-cardiac arrest

64
Q

how can inhalants/solvents cause a heart attack

A

compressed ones freeze vagal more, it releases more ACh, slows heart, cardiac arrest

65
Q

what happens with increased vagal release of ACh onto heart

A

slows it and can even cause heart attack

66
Q

what part of the brain (+cell type) is most sensitive to toluene

A

the pyramidal neuronal cells in the hippocampus

67
Q

how many days after toluene exposure do pyramidal neuronal cells types still lose cells

A

40 days!!!

68
Q

how did adult cells react to toluene exposure

A

resistant to immediate effects but then lost cells over time

69
Q

how did adolescent cells react to toluene exposure

A

lost more immediately but then more stable over time

70
Q

what does hippocampal neuronal death correlate to psychologically

A

memory loss

71
Q

what 2 neuronal adjustments happen with chronic toluene exposure

A

increase response of NMDA receptors to agonists

decrease response of GABA-A receptors to GABA

72
Q

is the brain hypo/hyper excitable with toluene absense / after use

A

hyperexcitable

73
Q

what happens to NMDA response during toluene use (4 days, what adaptation)

A

increase response of NMDA receptors to agonists (neurons compensate by making more receptors)

74
Q

what happens to GABA response during toluene use (4 days, what adaptation)

A

less response of GABA-A response to GABA (neurons compensate by making less receptors)

75
Q

why can stopping inhalants/solvents cause seizures

A

because the brain is hyper excitable in the absense of inhalants/solvents (less GABA receptors more NMDA receptors)

76
Q

what do inhalants/solvents do to NMDA receptors (pharmacodynamic tolerance) (specifically)

A

increase both size and density of receptor clusters

77
Q

what do inhalants/solvents do to GABA receptors (specifically)
(pharmacodynamic tolerance)

A

decrease both size and density of receptor clusters

78
Q

how did scientists visualize NMDA receptors

A

they used antibodies to the NR1 subinit of the NMDA receptor

79
Q

how does brain damage from inhalants/solvents compare to damage from other drugs

A

its more structural damage than many other drugs

80
Q

what kind of damage does inhalants/solvents cause mostly

A

demyelination

81
Q

what part of the brain is most affected structurally by inhalants/solvents

A

corpus callosum (biggest white matter structure) - demylenation

82
Q

why is the corpus callosum most affected by inhalants/solvents

A

because it is the biggest white matter structure of the brain

83
Q

what is myelin and how does it get affected by inhalants/solvents

A

fatty substance, so high concentrations of inhalants can accumulate

84
Q

what are the side effects of white matter loss (psychologically)

A

memory language and processing speed deficits- manifests as dimentia

85
Q

what is cerebellar ataxia

A

movement disorder-cant control fine movements and walking

86
Q

what is cerebellar ataxia linked to

A

early destruction of white matter in cerebellum

87
Q

what is the metabolite of hexane

A

2-5 hexanedione

88
Q

what does 2-5 hexanedione do

A

causes axonal degeneration by altering protein structure

89
Q

how does 2-5 hexanedione cause axonal damage

A

alters protein structure (cross-linking of lysine in neuronal cytoskeletal proteins)

90
Q

where does 2-5 hexanedione mess up axons the most

A

in neurons with long processes (like in periphery)

91
Q

what can be some symptoms of 2-5 hexanedione chronic damage and why

A

tingling in hands and feet (projections from cell bodies are damaged)

92
Q

what happens if there are no nerves to reach muscles in arms and legs

A

they eventually atrophy

PMCOL 305 (26 decks)

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