solvents and inhalents Flashcards
1
Q
what are solvents supposed to be used for
A
removing grease and oil
2
Q
what are 2 examples of fuels
A
propane and gasoline
3
Q
what are 2 examples of propellants
A
nitrous oxide, fluorinated hydrocarbon
4
Q
what are 3 examples of anesthetics
A
chloroform, ether, nitrous oxide
5
Q
what are the structural similarities between inhalents
A
none
6
Q
what are the behavioural effects of inhalents
A
alcohol-like effects (euphoria, dizziness, disinhibition, impaired judgement, recklessness)
7
Q
how long do the effects of inhalants last
A
15-45 mins, then 1-2 hours of drowsiness
8
Q
what do inhalants do to motor (motor depression or excitation)
+at what levels
A
motor excitation
low levels
9
Q
why do inhalants cause motor excitation at low levels
A
inhibition of inhibitory circuits
10
Q
what do inhalants do at high levels
A
sedate or anesthetize,
then hallucinations, coma and death
11
Q
what is so special about the fact that inhalants cause hallucinations
A
because they are the only depressant agents that do that
12
Q
what are 4 popular types of compounds found in solvents
A
aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatics, chlorinated hydrocarbons and ketones
13
Q
what kind of compound is propane
A
aliphatic hydrocarbon
14
Q
what kind of compound is toluene
A
aromatic hydrocarbon
15
Q
what kind of compound is tricholoethylene
A
chlorinated hydrocarbon
16
Q
what is tricholoethylene supposed to be used for
A
dry cleaning, fabric protectors, degreasing agents (used to be used for anesthetics)
17
Q
what is toluene normally found in
A
gasoline
18
Q
what kind of compound is acetone
A
ketone
19
Q
what are 3 methods of inhalant/ solvent administration
A
sniffing, bagging, huffinh
20
Q
what is sniffing
A
direct inhalation from container
21
Q
what is bagging
A
filling balloon or bag then inhaline
22
Q
what is huffing
A
soak a cloth then hold over face
23
Q
what are 3 dangers found with inhalant administration
A
it can cause asphyxiation, lung damage, hypoxia
24
Q
are inhalants/solvents lipophilic or hydrophilic
A
lipophilic (highly)
25
how fast are inhalants/solvents delivered to the brain, why
delivered quickly to the brain because highly lipophilic
26
how fast do inhalants/solvents leave the brain, why
leave quickly to the brain because highly lipophilic
27
why do you need constant administration of inhalants/solvents
because they enter and leave the brain super fast
28
what determines the rate for most volatile substance entry/exit
diffusiong down a concentration gradient (and evaporation rate for the lungs)
29
what part of the body gets the highest amount of inhalants/solvents and why
brain and liver because they are fatty tissues with good blood flow
30
does body fat get a lot of inhalants/solvents distribution, and why
no because of relatively poor blood flow
31
what happens to inhalants/solvents if they are not exhaled (not volatile)
they are metabolized in liver
32
what does volatile mean
the liquid gives off gas I think
33
is toluene volatile? how much is exhaled
not really, only 20% is exhaled
34
what enzyme metabolizes the most of toluene
CYP2E1
35
how is toluene metabolized (2 steps)
into benzoic acid then hippuric acid (By conjugation with glycine)
36
what happens to body when toluene is metabolized
causes acidosis!! (hippuric acid is made)
37
is propane highly volatile? how is it handled in body
very volatile so eliminated unchanged via respiration
38
what do inhalants/solvents do to NMDA activity
decrease
39
which NMDA receptor subunits are most effected by inhalants/solvents
thsoe containing NR2B subunits
40
what happens when benzene is added to NMDA channels
there is less channel activity
41
are NR2A or NR2B subunits more effected by inhalants/solvents
NR2B
42
what do inhalants/solvents do to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
inhibit
43
which nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are most affected by inhalants/solvents
alpha4 beta2 receptors were the most effected
44
which nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are least affected by inhalants/solvents
ones with alpha 7 subunits
45
how do inhalants and alcohol compare
they seem to make similar effects
46
what do inhalants/solvents do to GABA A receptors and when
direct enhancement in the presence of GABA
47
what do inhalants/solvents do to glycine receptors and when
direct enhancement in the presence of glycine
48
what do what do inhalants/solvents do to NMDA receptors
decrease activity
49
what do inhalants/solvents do to NMDA receptors
decrease activity
50
is glycine or GABA magnified more with inhalants/solvents
glycine (relatively)
51
generally, what does inhalants/solvents do to receptors that are associated with neuronal excitability
which receptors are these
they inhibit them
glutamate NMDA and nicotinic acetylcholine
52
generally, what does inhalants/solvents do to receptors that are associated with neuronal inhibition
which receptors are these
they activate them
GABA and glycine
53
what do inhalants/solvents do to the reward pathway
increases dopamine and noradrenaline levels
54
how is the VTA changed with inhalants/solvents
increases more DA release onto NAc and PFC
55
how is the NAc changed with inhalants/solvents
they release more NA and receive more DA
56
how is the PFC changed with inhalants/solvents
they release more NA and receive more DA
57
why can inhalants/solvents increase risk of burns
they are heavier than air, can catch on fire if a match is lit
58
what causes sudden sniffing death (physiologically)
cardiac arrhythmia
59
which inhalants/solvents cause sudden sniffing death the most
toluene, butane
60
how does toluene cause sudden sniffing death
cardiac arrhythmia- caused by inhibition of cardiac voltage-activated sodium channels + sensitizes the heart to the effects of adrenaline
61
how does toluene cause sudden cardiac arrhythmia
inhibition of cardiac voltage-activated sodium channels+ sensitizes the heart to the effects of adrenaline
62
what compounds inhibirs cardiac voltage-activated sodium channels+ sensitizes the heart to the effects of adrenaline
toluene
63
what happens when compressed gasses are released directly into the throat (many steps)
they can freeze the vagal nerve, which irritates it and causes more ACh release which slows the heart-cardiac arrest
64
how can inhalants/solvents cause a heart attack
compressed ones freeze vagal more, it releases more ACh, slows heart, cardiac arrest
65
what happens with increased vagal release of ACh onto heart
slows it and can even cause heart attack
66
what part of the brain (+cell type) is most sensitive to toluene
the pyramidal neuronal cells in the hippocampus
67
how many days after toluene exposure do pyramidal neuronal cells types still lose cells
40 days!!!
68
how did adult cells react to toluene exposure
resistant to immediate effects but then lost cells over time
69
how did adolescent cells react to toluene exposure
lost more immediately but then more stable over time
70
what does hippocampal neuronal death correlate to psychologically
memory loss
71
what 2 neuronal adjustments happen with chronic toluene exposure
increase response of NMDA receptors to agonists
| decrease response of GABA-A receptors to GABA
72
is the brain hypo/hyper excitable with toluene absense / after use
hyperexcitable
73
what happens to NMDA response during toluene use (4 days, what adaptation)
increase response of NMDA receptors to agonists (neurons compensate by making more receptors)
74
what happens to GABA response during toluene use (4 days, what adaptation)
less response of GABA-A response to GABA (neurons compensate by making less receptors)
75
why can stopping inhalants/solvents cause seizures
because the brain is hyper excitable in the absense of inhalants/solvents (less GABA receptors more NMDA receptors)
76
what do inhalants/solvents do to NMDA receptors (pharmacodynamic tolerance) (specifically)
increase both size and density of receptor clusters
77
what do inhalants/solvents do to GABA receptors (specifically)
(pharmacodynamic tolerance)
decrease both size and density of receptor clusters
78
how did scientists visualize NMDA receptors
they used antibodies to the NR1 subinit of the NMDA receptor
79
how does brain damage from inhalants/solvents compare to damage from other drugs
its more structural damage than many other drugs
80
what kind of damage does inhalants/solvents cause mostly
demyelination
81
what part of the brain is most affected structurally by inhalants/solvents
corpus callosum (biggest white matter structure) - demylenation
82
why is the corpus callosum most affected by inhalants/solvents
because it is the biggest white matter structure of the brain
83
what is myelin and how does it get affected by inhalants/solvents
fatty substance, so high concentrations of inhalants can accumulate
84
what are the side effects of white matter loss (psychologically)
memory language and processing speed deficits- manifests as dimentia
85
what is cerebellar ataxia
movement disorder-cant control fine movements and walking
86
what is cerebellar ataxia linked to
early destruction of white matter in cerebellum
87
what is the metabolite of hexane
2-5 hexanedione
88
what does 2-5 hexanedione do
causes axonal degeneration by altering protein structure
89
how does 2-5 hexanedione cause axonal damage
alters protein structure (cross-linking of lysine in neuronal cytoskeletal proteins)
90
where does 2-5 hexanedione mess up axons the most
in neurons with long processes (like in periphery)
91
what can be some symptoms of 2-5 hexanedione chronic damage and why
tingling in hands and feet (projections from cell bodies are damaged)
92
what happens if there are no nerves to reach muscles in arms and legs
they eventually atrophy
