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PMCOL 305 > alcohol 1 > Flashcards

alcohol 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what likely got us to be able to digest alcohol

A

monkeys in the old days would seek ethanol in fermented fruit and stuff

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2
Q

what makes an alcohol (structure)

A

C-OH (hydroxyl)

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3
Q

which alcohol is legal to consume - is it toxic

A

ethanol, yes still toxic

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4
Q

what is used to ferment sugar into ethanol

A

yeast

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5
Q

what is the pathway from sugar to ethanol

A

sugars- glucose - pyruvate - ethyl alcohol +CO2

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6
Q

what do yeast need to make alcohol

A

sugar, from things like grains (wheat, barley)

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7
Q

why do yeast use this alcohol production pathway

A

to generate NAD+ for glycolysis

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8
Q

what % of ethanol can yeast make and why not higher

A

15% before it kills the yeast

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9
Q

how are drinks with high alcohol percentage made

A

they were distilled

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10
Q

what pathway is NAD+ used in

A

glycolysis

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11
Q

what is the reaction for turning glucose into ethanol

A

C6H12O6 + 2ATP + 2Pi –> 2CH3CH2OH +2CO2 +ATP +2H2O

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12
Q

what turns pyruvate into acetylaldehyde

A

pyruvate decarboxylase

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13
Q

what does pyruvate decarboxylase do

A

turn pyruvate into acetaldehyde +CO2

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14
Q

what molecule is required for glycolysis to proceed

A

NAD+

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15
Q

where does the CO2 come from with fermentation

A

turning pyruvate into acetaldehyde ysing pyruvate decarboxylase

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16
Q

what does alcohol dehydrogenase do

A

turn acetaldehyde into ethanol

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17
Q

what turns acetaldehyde into ethanol

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

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18
Q

how many grams of ethanol in an ounce

A

22.3 grams

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19
Q

how many oz of ethanol in 1 standard drink in Canada

A

0.6 oz

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20
Q

does america or canada have a higher amount of alcohol in their standard drink

A

canada has more

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21
Q

how many grams of ethanol in a standard drink

A

13.38g

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22
Q

why does ethanol put a larger burden on metabolism than other drugs

A

cause its a lot of grams! not just like milligrams

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23
Q

where is alcohol absorbed

A

once it passes the stomach, mostly in intestine

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24
Q

what does food to do stomach emptying

A

it slows emptying

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25
Q

does drinking with food make it slower and why

A

doesnt “bind”, it just slows stomach emptying AND there is alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach

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26
Q

where is alcohol dehydrogenase

A

in the stomach - helps start digest

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27
Q

does pH of stomach alter absorption of ethanol

A

no because ethanol is a neutral molecule

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28
Q

how long does it usually take to get the peak alcohol concentration in blood

A

45-90 mins on average to get to peak alcohol concentration

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29
Q

does a certain type of food cause stomach emptying to slow

A

maybe proteins make it slower

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30
Q

what does carbonated drinks do to alcohol in blood

A

Help get a higher concentration in the blood because it relaxes muscles and increases pressure in stomach, which helps to force alcohol into the bloodstream via the stomach lining

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31
Q

what is the mallanby effect

A

clinical effects are greater when BAC is increasing compared to same BAC when decreasing (same BAC, appear more appear

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32
Q

what likely causes the mellanby effect

A

acute tolerance to the effects of alcohol (likely not pharmacodynamic tolerance, likely behaviour tolerance)

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33
Q

what is the average time to get to peak alcohol concentration

A

45-90 mins

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34
Q

what does it mean for alcohol to have biphasic effects

A

low doses causes locomotion/stimulating effects

high doses is sedative/depressant

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35
Q

what causes the initial locomotion/stimulant effect of alchocol

A

increased DA in ventral striatum

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36
Q

what causes the rewarding effect of alcohol

A

the initial stimulant effect (depressant effect isnt very rewarding)

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37
Q

what causes the sedative/depressant effect of alcohol

A

increase in GABA

decrease in glutamate

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38
Q

is the sedative/depressant effect of alcohol part of the reward system

A

no, likely independent of the reward pathway

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39
Q

what happens to sedation effects as time goes on

A

in increases even as BAC decreases

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40
Q

what kind of people are at greater risk for addiction

A

people who experience more of the stimulant effects (have more positive experiences)

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41
Q

what is a way you can measure physiological stimulation

A

an increased heart rate

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42
Q

what kind of alcohol effects are the most rewarding

A

the stimulatory effects

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43
Q

what part of the brain is more active when intoxication? /correlates with self-reported intoxication

A

nucleus accumbens

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44
Q

what does a more active nucleus accumbens mean for your mental state when drinking alcohol

A

you feel more drunk

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45
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for the anxiolytic effects of alcohol

A

amygdala

46
Q

what are 2 main roles of the amygdala

A

memory and fear

47
Q

what part of the brain becomes active when confronted with threatening imagery

A

the amygdala!

48
Q

what does alcohol do to the amygdala and fear response

A

it decreases amygdala activation (when viewing threats vs. non threats)

49
Q

what does alcohol do to threat detection circuitry

A

disrupts

50
Q

what does low dose of ethanol do to social interaction

A

increases

51
Q

do adult or adolescent animals have a bigger increase in social interactions with low doses of ethanol

A

bigger effect in adolescent animals

52
Q

how can ethanol relieve anxiety

A

overcoming the inhibitory effects of unfamiliar environments on social interaction

53
Q

are adult or adolescent animals more affected by large doses of ethanol

A

adult animals have a larger response to large doses with more sedation (sedated earlier with lower doses than teens)

54
Q

what is BAC measured in

A

g of ethanol per 100mL of blood

55
Q

what is the lethal BAC for the majority of people

A

0.4 to 0.5

56
Q

what is clearance

A

how much alcohol is cleared by the blood

57
Q

what is the simplest way to calculate BAC

A

grams of ethanol injested / volume in which it can distribute

58
Q

how many grams of alcohol in one standard drink

A

13.4 grams of pure ethanol

59
Q

what is the average water % in men

A

58.3%

60
Q

what is the average water % in women

A

48.5%

61
Q

why do men have a higher water content than females

A

more muscles less fat

generally of course

62
Q

what is the % of water in blood

A

80.6%

63
Q

do some practice calculation in the notes

A

yes

64
Q

what % of alcohol is excreted unchanged in breath skin urine

A

2%

65
Q

what % of alcohol is metabolized in liver

A

90%

66
Q

what are the proportions of metabolism that happen in alcohol (like where it is metabolized)

A

2% urine/breathe/skin
90% liver
some in stomach

67
Q

how many passes through the circulatory system does it take to fully metabolize

A

LOTS

thats why you stay drunk for awhile

68
Q

what are the major enzymes of alcohol metabolism

A

alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH and ALDH)

69
Q

what CYP enzyme helps with metabolism

A

CYP2E1

70
Q

how much does CYP2E1 contribute to alcohol metabolism

A

usually less than 20%, but bigger % in heavy drinkers

71
Q

what is a minor enzyme in alcohol metablism

A

catalase

72
Q

what does catalase do

A

produce acetaldehyde in brain, may induce acute increase in alcohol metabolism

73
Q

what are the 4 enzymes of alcohol metabolism

A

ADH
ALDH
CYP2E1
catalase

74
Q

what happens in the ADH reaction

A

ethanol +NAD+ = Acetaldehyde and NADH

75
Q

what compound in the metabolism pathway is toxic

A

acetaldehyde

76
Q

what does acetaldehyde do

A

toxic effects on system

77
Q

what happens in the ADLH reaction

A

acetaldehyde + NAD+ = NADH + acetate

78
Q

what happens to acetate and how

A

TCA turns it into CO2 and H2O

79
Q

what order of metabolism is ethanol

A

zero order

80
Q

what does it mean for ethanol to be zero order metabolism

A

same metabolism rate regardless of dose given

81
Q

what is the rate of ethanol metabolism and why

A

8g/h because of high NAD+ demand

82
Q

what BAC declines per hour

A
  1. 0017

0. 0015 for canada legal issues

83
Q

how do breathalyzers work

A

record non metabolized ethanol expired from lungs

84
Q

what is ratio of alcohol in blood to exhaled (breathalyzer)

A

2100 blood:1 lungs

85
Q

why do Asians get red face

A

low ADH so acetaldehyde builds up

86
Q

what does being Asian and drinking increase risk of

A

esophageal cancer

87
Q

what is ethylene glycol

A

antifreeze

88
Q

what does ADH do to ethylene glycol

A

turn in into glycoaldehyde

89
Q

what does ALDH do to glycoaldehyde

A

turn it into glycolic acid

90
Q

what happens to glycolic acid

A

turns into oxalic acid

91
Q

what does glycolic acid do

A

acidosis which causes hyperventilation, heart arrhythmia, pulmonary edema

92
Q

what does oxalic acid do

A

kidney failure - bind with Ca to make crystals to make kidney stones

93
Q

what are the stages of antifreeze death

A

1-CNS depression, coma
2-cardiopulmonary dysfunction (glycolic acid)
3-kidney failure (oxalic acid)

94
Q

how much ethylene glycol can cause death

A

30mL

95
Q

what does ADH do to methanol

A

turn it into formaldehyde

96
Q

what does ALDH do to formaldehyde

A

turn it into formic acid

97
Q

what does formic acid do

A

optic nerve damage via mitochondrial function

98
Q

how much formic acid/methanol for blindness

A

10mL

99
Q

how much formic acid/methanol for death

A

30mL

100
Q

what does methanol do to body pH and how

A

acidosis by formic acid

101
Q

what does antifreeze do to body pH and how

A

acidosis by glycolic acid

102
Q

what are the initial symptoms of methanol

A

less severe as ethanol

103
Q

what causes death in methanol metabolism

A

respiratory failure/arrest

104
Q

how long can it take for severe methanol symptoms to kick in

A

6-30hrs

105
Q

how long can it take for severe antifreeze symptoms to kick in

A

it can be a few days for renal failure

106
Q

what does isopropanol turn into and how

A

acetone by ADH

107
Q

what does isopropanol and acetone do to body

A

CNS depressants
safe at low,
vomit and coma at high

108
Q

how can you prevent methanol poisoning

A

flood system with ethanol to outcompete with ADH,

% of toxic becomes insignificant compared to ethanol metabolism, methanol excreted unchanged by kidneys

109
Q

what is fomepizole and what does it to

A

competitively inhibits ADH to help with ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning

110
Q

what are pros and cons of fomepizole

A

pro: longer duration, less effects compared to ethanol
cons: expensive

111
Q

what happens to bad compounds when you use fomepizole

A

excreted by kidneys

112
Q

what does formaldehyde do to body

A

cross-links protein and DNA

PMCOL 305 (26 decks)

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