alcohol 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what likely got us to be able to digest alcohol
A
monkeys in the old days would seek ethanol in fermented fruit and stuff
2
Q
what makes an alcohol (structure)
A
C-OH (hydroxyl)
3
Q
which alcohol is legal to consume - is it toxic
A
ethanol, yes still toxic
4
Q
what is used to ferment sugar into ethanol
A
yeast
5
Q
what is the pathway from sugar to ethanol
A
sugars- glucose - pyruvate - ethyl alcohol +CO2
6
Q
what do yeast need to make alcohol
A
sugar, from things like grains (wheat, barley)
7
Q
why do yeast use this alcohol production pathway
A
to generate NAD+ for glycolysis
8
Q
what % of ethanol can yeast make and why not higher
A
15% before it kills the yeast
9
Q
how are drinks with high alcohol percentage made
A
they were distilled
10
Q
what pathway is NAD+ used in
A
glycolysis
11
Q
what is the reaction for turning glucose into ethanol
A
C6H12O6 + 2ATP + 2Pi –> 2CH3CH2OH +2CO2 +ATP +2H2O
12
Q
what turns pyruvate into acetylaldehyde
A
pyruvate decarboxylase
13
Q
what does pyruvate decarboxylase do
A
turn pyruvate into acetaldehyde +CO2
14
Q
what molecule is required for glycolysis to proceed
A
NAD+
15
Q
where does the CO2 come from with fermentation
A
turning pyruvate into acetaldehyde ysing pyruvate decarboxylase
16
Q
what does alcohol dehydrogenase do
A
turn acetaldehyde into ethanol
17
Q
what turns acetaldehyde into ethanol
A
alcohol dehydrogenase
18
Q
how many grams of ethanol in an ounce
A
22.3 grams
19
Q
how many oz of ethanol in 1 standard drink in Canada
A
0.6 oz
20
Q
does america or canada have a higher amount of alcohol in their standard drink
A
canada has more
21
Q
how many grams of ethanol in a standard drink
A
13.38g
22
Q
why does ethanol put a larger burden on metabolism than other drugs
A
cause its a lot of grams! not just like milligrams
23
Q
where is alcohol absorbed
A
once it passes the stomach, mostly in intestine
24
Q
what does food to do stomach emptying
A
it slows emptying
25
does drinking with food make it slower and why
doesnt "bind", it just slows stomach emptying AND there is alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach
26
where is alcohol dehydrogenase
in the stomach - helps start digest
27
does pH of stomach alter absorption of ethanol
no because ethanol is a neutral molecule
28
how long does it usually take to get the peak alcohol concentration in blood
45-90 mins on average to get to peak alcohol concentration
29
does a certain type of food cause stomach emptying to slow
maybe proteins make it slower
30
what does carbonated drinks do to alcohol in blood
Help get a higher concentration in the blood because it relaxes muscles and increases pressure in stomach, which helps to force alcohol into the bloodstream via the stomach lining
31
what is the mallanby effect
clinical effects are greater when BAC is increasing compared to same BAC when decreasing (same BAC, appear more appear
32
what likely causes the mellanby effect
acute tolerance to the effects of alcohol (likely not pharmacodynamic tolerance, likely behaviour tolerance)
33
what is the average time to get to peak alcohol concentration
45-90 mins
34
what does it mean for alcohol to have biphasic effects
low doses causes locomotion/stimulating effects
high doses is sedative/depressant
35
what causes the initial locomotion/stimulant effect of alchocol
increased DA in ventral striatum
36
what causes the rewarding effect of alcohol
the initial stimulant effect (depressant effect isnt very rewarding)
37
what causes the sedative/depressant effect of alcohol
increase in GABA
| decrease in glutamate
38
is the sedative/depressant effect of alcohol part of the reward system
no, likely independent of the reward pathway
39
what happens to sedation effects as time goes on
in increases even as BAC decreases
40
what kind of people are at greater risk for addiction
people who experience more of the stimulant effects (have more positive experiences)
41
what is a way you can measure physiological stimulation
an increased heart rate
42
what kind of alcohol effects are the most rewarding
the stimulatory effects
43
what part of the brain is more active when intoxication? /correlates with self-reported intoxication
nucleus accumbens
44
what does a more active nucleus accumbens mean for your mental state when drinking alcohol
you feel more drunk
45
what part of the brain is responsible for the anxiolytic effects of alcohol
amygdala
46
what are 2 main roles of the amygdala
memory and fear
47
what part of the brain becomes active when confronted with threatening imagery
the amygdala!
48
what does alcohol do to the amygdala and fear response
it decreases amygdala activation (when viewing threats vs. non threats)
49
what does alcohol do to threat detection circuitry
disrupts
50
what does low dose of ethanol do to social interaction
increases
51
do adult or adolescent animals have a bigger increase in social interactions with low doses of ethanol
bigger effect in adolescent animals
52
how can ethanol relieve anxiety
overcoming the inhibitory effects of unfamiliar environments on social interaction
53
are adult or adolescent animals more affected by large doses of ethanol
adult animals have a larger response to large doses with more sedation (sedated earlier with lower doses than teens)
54
what is BAC measured in
g of ethanol per 100mL of blood
55
what is the lethal BAC for the majority of people
0.4 to 0.5
56
what is clearance
how much alcohol is cleared by the blood
57
what is the simplest way to calculate BAC
#grams of ethanol injested / volume in which it can distribute
58
how many grams of alcohol in one standard drink
13.4 grams of pure ethanol
59
what is the average water % in men
58.3%
60
what is the average water % in women
48.5%
61
why do men have a higher water content than females
more muscles less fat
| generally of course
62
what is the % of water in blood
80.6%
63
do some practice calculation in the notes
yes
64
what % of alcohol is excreted unchanged in breath skin urine
2%
65
what % of alcohol is metabolized in liver
90%
66
what are the proportions of metabolism that happen in alcohol (like where it is metabolized)
2% urine/breathe/skin
90% liver
some in stomach
67
how many passes through the circulatory system does it take to fully metabolize
LOTS
| thats why you stay drunk for awhile
68
what are the major enzymes of alcohol metabolism
alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH and ALDH)
69
what CYP enzyme helps with metabolism
CYP2E1
70
how much does CYP2E1 contribute to alcohol metabolism
usually less than 20%, but bigger % in heavy drinkers
71
what is a minor enzyme in alcohol metablism
catalase
72
what does catalase do
produce acetaldehyde in brain, may induce acute increase in alcohol metabolism
73
what are the 4 enzymes of alcohol metabolism
ADH
ALDH
CYP2E1
catalase
74
what happens in the ADH reaction
ethanol +NAD+ = Acetaldehyde and NADH
75
what compound in the metabolism pathway is toxic
acetaldehyde
76
what does acetaldehyde do
toxic effects on system
77
what happens in the ADLH reaction
acetaldehyde + NAD+ = NADH + acetate
78
what happens to acetate and how
TCA turns it into CO2 and H2O
79
what order of metabolism is ethanol
zero order
80
what does it mean for ethanol to be zero order metabolism
same metabolism rate regardless of dose given
81
what is the rate of ethanol metabolism and why
8g/h because of high NAD+ demand
82
what BAC declines per hour
0. 0017
| 0. 0015 for canada legal issues
83
how do breathalyzers work
record non metabolized ethanol expired from lungs
84
what is ratio of alcohol in blood to exhaled (breathalyzer)
2100 blood:1 lungs
85
why do Asians get red face
low ADH so acetaldehyde builds up
86
what does being Asian and drinking increase risk of
esophageal cancer
87
what is ethylene glycol
antifreeze
88
what does ADH do to ethylene glycol
turn in into glycoaldehyde
89
what does ALDH do to glycoaldehyde
turn it into glycolic acid
90
what happens to glycolic acid
turns into oxalic acid
91
what does glycolic acid do
acidosis which causes hyperventilation, heart arrhythmia, pulmonary edema
92
what does oxalic acid do
kidney failure - bind with Ca to make crystals to make kidney stones
93
what are the stages of antifreeze death
1-CNS depression, coma
2-cardiopulmonary dysfunction (glycolic acid)
3-kidney failure (oxalic acid)
94
how much ethylene glycol can cause death
30mL
95
what does ADH do to methanol
turn it into formaldehyde
96
what does ALDH do to formaldehyde
turn it into formic acid
97
what does formic acid do
optic nerve damage via mitochondrial function
98
how much formic acid/methanol for blindness
10mL
99
how much formic acid/methanol for death
30mL
100
what does methanol do to body pH and how
acidosis by formic acid
101
what does antifreeze do to body pH and how
acidosis by glycolic acid
102
what are the initial symptoms of methanol
less severe as ethanol
103
what causes death in methanol metabolism
respiratory failure/arrest
104
how long can it take for severe methanol symptoms to kick in
6-30hrs
105
how long can it take for severe antifreeze symptoms to kick in
it can be a few days for renal failure
106
what does isopropanol turn into and how
acetone by ADH
107
what does isopropanol and acetone do to body
CNS depressants
safe at low,
vomit and coma at high
108
how can you prevent methanol poisoning
flood system with ethanol to outcompete with ADH,
| % of toxic becomes insignificant compared to ethanol metabolism, methanol excreted unchanged by kidneys
109
what is fomepizole and what does it to
competitively inhibits ADH to help with ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning
110
what are pros and cons of fomepizole
pro: longer duration, less effects compared to ethanol
cons: expensive
111
what happens to bad compounds when you use fomepizole
excreted by kidneys
112
what does formaldehyde do to body
cross-links protein and DNA
