alcohol 1 Flashcards
what likely got us to be able to digest alcohol
monkeys in the old days would seek ethanol in fermented fruit and stuff
what makes an alcohol (structure)
C-OH (hydroxyl)
which alcohol is legal to consume - is it toxic
ethanol, yes still toxic
what is used to ferment sugar into ethanol
yeast
what is the pathway from sugar to ethanol
sugars- glucose - pyruvate - ethyl alcohol +CO2
what do yeast need to make alcohol
sugar, from things like grains (wheat, barley)
why do yeast use this alcohol production pathway
to generate NAD+ for glycolysis
what % of ethanol can yeast make and why not higher
15% before it kills the yeast
how are drinks with high alcohol percentage made
they were distilled
what pathway is NAD+ used in
glycolysis
what is the reaction for turning glucose into ethanol
C6H12O6 + 2ATP + 2Pi –> 2CH3CH2OH +2CO2 +ATP +2H2O
what turns pyruvate into acetylaldehyde
pyruvate decarboxylase
what does pyruvate decarboxylase do
turn pyruvate into acetaldehyde +CO2
what molecule is required for glycolysis to proceed
NAD+
where does the CO2 come from with fermentation
turning pyruvate into acetaldehyde ysing pyruvate decarboxylase
what does alcohol dehydrogenase do
turn acetaldehyde into ethanol
what turns acetaldehyde into ethanol
alcohol dehydrogenase
how many grams of ethanol in an ounce
22.3 grams
how many oz of ethanol in 1 standard drink in Canada
0.6 oz
does america or canada have a higher amount of alcohol in their standard drink
canada has more
how many grams of ethanol in a standard drink
13.38g
why does ethanol put a larger burden on metabolism than other drugs
cause its a lot of grams! not just like milligrams
where is alcohol absorbed
once it passes the stomach, mostly in intestine
what does food to do stomach emptying
it slows emptying
does drinking with food make it slower and why
doesnt “bind”, it just slows stomach emptying AND there is alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach
where is alcohol dehydrogenase
in the stomach - helps start digest
does pH of stomach alter absorption of ethanol
no because ethanol is a neutral molecule
how long does it usually take to get the peak alcohol concentration in blood
45-90 mins on average to get to peak alcohol concentration
does a certain type of food cause stomach emptying to slow
maybe proteins make it slower
what does carbonated drinks do to alcohol in blood
Help get a higher concentration in the blood because it relaxes muscles and increases pressure in stomach, which helps to force alcohol into the bloodstream via the stomach lining
what is the mallanby effect
clinical effects are greater when BAC is increasing compared to same BAC when decreasing (same BAC, appear more appear
what likely causes the mellanby effect
acute tolerance to the effects of alcohol (likely not pharmacodynamic tolerance, likely behaviour tolerance)
what is the average time to get to peak alcohol concentration
45-90 mins
what does it mean for alcohol to have biphasic effects
low doses causes locomotion/stimulating effects
high doses is sedative/depressant
what causes the initial locomotion/stimulant effect of alchocol
increased DA in ventral striatum
what causes the rewarding effect of alcohol
the initial stimulant effect (depressant effect isnt very rewarding)
what causes the sedative/depressant effect of alcohol
increase in GABA
decrease in glutamate
is the sedative/depressant effect of alcohol part of the reward system
no, likely independent of the reward pathway
what happens to sedation effects as time goes on
in increases even as BAC decreases
what kind of people are at greater risk for addiction
people who experience more of the stimulant effects (have more positive experiences)
what is a way you can measure physiological stimulation
an increased heart rate
what kind of alcohol effects are the most rewarding
the stimulatory effects
what part of the brain is more active when intoxication? /correlates with self-reported intoxication
nucleus accumbens
what does a more active nucleus accumbens mean for your mental state when drinking alcohol
you feel more drunk
what part of the brain is responsible for the anxiolytic effects of alcohol
amygdala
what are 2 main roles of the amygdala
memory and fear
what part of the brain becomes active when confronted with threatening imagery
the amygdala!
what does alcohol do to the amygdala and fear response
it decreases amygdala activation (when viewing threats vs. non threats)
what does alcohol do to threat detection circuitry
disrupts
what does low dose of ethanol do to social interaction
increases
do adult or adolescent animals have a bigger increase in social interactions with low doses of ethanol
bigger effect in adolescent animals
how can ethanol relieve anxiety
overcoming the inhibitory effects of unfamiliar environments on social interaction
are adult or adolescent animals more affected by large doses of ethanol
adult animals have a larger response to large doses with more sedation (sedated earlier with lower doses than teens)
what is BAC measured in
g of ethanol per 100mL of blood
what is the lethal BAC for the majority of people
0.4 to 0.5
what is clearance
how much alcohol is cleared by the blood
what is the simplest way to calculate BAC
grams of ethanol injested / volume in which it can distribute
how many grams of alcohol in one standard drink
13.4 grams of pure ethanol
what is the average water % in men
58.3%
what is the average water % in women
48.5%
why do men have a higher water content than females
more muscles less fat
generally of course
what is the % of water in blood
80.6%
do some practice calculation in the notes
yes
what % of alcohol is excreted unchanged in breath skin urine
2%
what % of alcohol is metabolized in liver
90%
what are the proportions of metabolism that happen in alcohol (like where it is metabolized)
2% urine/breathe/skin
90% liver
some in stomach
how many passes through the circulatory system does it take to fully metabolize
LOTS
thats why you stay drunk for awhile
what are the major enzymes of alcohol metabolism
alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH and ALDH)
what CYP enzyme helps with metabolism
CYP2E1
how much does CYP2E1 contribute to alcohol metabolism
usually less than 20%, but bigger % in heavy drinkers
what is a minor enzyme in alcohol metablism
catalase
what does catalase do
produce acetaldehyde in brain, may induce acute increase in alcohol metabolism
what are the 4 enzymes of alcohol metabolism
ADH
ALDH
CYP2E1
catalase
what happens in the ADH reaction
ethanol +NAD+ = Acetaldehyde and NADH
what compound in the metabolism pathway is toxic
acetaldehyde
what does acetaldehyde do
toxic effects on system
what happens in the ADLH reaction
acetaldehyde + NAD+ = NADH + acetate
what happens to acetate and how
TCA turns it into CO2 and H2O
what order of metabolism is ethanol
zero order
what does it mean for ethanol to be zero order metabolism
same metabolism rate regardless of dose given
what is the rate of ethanol metabolism and why
8g/h because of high NAD+ demand
what BAC declines per hour
- 0017
0. 0015 for canada legal issues
how do breathalyzers work
record non metabolized ethanol expired from lungs
what is ratio of alcohol in blood to exhaled (breathalyzer)
2100 blood:1 lungs
why do Asians get red face
low ADH so acetaldehyde builds up
what does being Asian and drinking increase risk of
esophageal cancer
what is ethylene glycol
antifreeze
what does ADH do to ethylene glycol
turn in into glycoaldehyde
what does ALDH do to glycoaldehyde
turn it into glycolic acid
what happens to glycolic acid
turns into oxalic acid
what does glycolic acid do
acidosis which causes hyperventilation, heart arrhythmia, pulmonary edema
what does oxalic acid do
kidney failure - bind with Ca to make crystals to make kidney stones
what are the stages of antifreeze death
1-CNS depression, coma
2-cardiopulmonary dysfunction (glycolic acid)
3-kidney failure (oxalic acid)
how much ethylene glycol can cause death
30mL
what does ADH do to methanol
turn it into formaldehyde
what does ALDH do to formaldehyde
turn it into formic acid
what does formic acid do
optic nerve damage via mitochondrial function
how much formic acid/methanol for blindness
10mL
how much formic acid/methanol for death
30mL
what does methanol do to body pH and how
acidosis by formic acid
what does antifreeze do to body pH and how
acidosis by glycolic acid
what are the initial symptoms of methanol
less severe as ethanol
what causes death in methanol metabolism
respiratory failure/arrest
how long can it take for severe methanol symptoms to kick in
6-30hrs
how long can it take for severe antifreeze symptoms to kick in
it can be a few days for renal failure
what does isopropanol turn into and how
acetone by ADH
what does isopropanol and acetone do to body
CNS depressants
safe at low,
vomit and coma at high
how can you prevent methanol poisoning
flood system with ethanol to outcompete with ADH,
% of toxic becomes insignificant compared to ethanol metabolism, methanol excreted unchanged by kidneys
what is fomepizole and what does it to
competitively inhibits ADH to help with ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning
what are pros and cons of fomepizole
pro: longer duration, less effects compared to ethanol
cons: expensive
what happens to bad compounds when you use fomepizole
excreted by kidneys
what does formaldehyde do to body
cross-links protein and DNA
