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PMCOL 305 > Bath salts & plant food > Flashcards

Bath salts & plant food Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of drug are bath salts (depressants or stimulating)

A

stimulant

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2
Q

why have bath salts become popular

A

they are alternatives to drugs like cocaine and MDMA

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3
Q

what is the deal with MDPV

A

it is a kind of bath salt that caused 100+ deaths

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4
Q

is there only 1 type of bath salts (explain)

A

no, the types in circulation change over time (as one becomes illegal, a new type emerges)

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5
Q

has there been clinical testing on bath salts

A

no

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6
Q

what is the reputation of bath salts

A

dangerous drugs that can harm or kill the user

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7
Q

what is cathinone

A

naturally occurring drug found in the plant khat

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8
Q

why is khat illegal in many countries

A

it is used as a stimulant and has caused many hospitlizations

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9
Q

what are synthetic cathinones

A

a khat derivative

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10
Q

what is mephedrone

A

one of the first reported components of bath salts

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11
Q

what is another name for 4-methylmethcathinone

A

mephedrone

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12
Q

why were synthetic cathinones first made

A

because khat has become illegal (it contains the stimulant cathinone)

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13
Q

what kind of drug are cathinone (depressants or stimulating)

A

stimulating

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14
Q

what are beta ketonated amphetamines

A

cathionone and its derivative

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15
Q

what do you call cathionone and its derivatives

A

beta ketonated amphetamines

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16
Q

what is the difference with cathionine and amphetamine (structure)

A

just a ketone group

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17
Q

how does the polarity of cathionone compare to amphetamines +why

A

more polar because of the ketone

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18
Q

what is mephedrone (compared to cathionone)

A

semi-synthetic derived from cathionone

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19
Q

which was the first bath salt that became popular

A

mephedrone

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20
Q

what are the 3 most popular bath salts

A

mephedrone, methylone, MDPV

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21
Q

how does the ability of of cathionone to cross the BBB compare to amphetamines +why

A

it is slower (because more polar from ketone)

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22
Q

how does the structure of methylone compare to mephedrone

A

it has a methylenedioxy ring instead of the methyl group

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23
Q

how does the structure of MDPV compare to mephedrone

A

it has an extra methylenedioxy ring (instead of the methyl group), pyrrolidine ring and ethyl group

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24
Q

what do mephedrone, methylone, MDPV do to the sympathetic system and how

A

produce excitation by increase DA NA levels via transporter effects

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25
Q

what is excited delirius syndrome (psychological symptoms)

A

violence, homicidal combative behvarious, self-mutilation, excited delirium syndrome

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26
Q

what is excited delirius syndrome (physiological symptoms)

A

hyperthermia, rapid breathing (tachypnea), tachycardia then (suddenly go limp) bradycardia, cardiac arrest, death

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27
Q

what links to the sudden change in the effects of mephedrone, methylone, MDPV

A

ability to increase NA levels by blocking its transporter

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28
Q

what is the effect of MDPV at low doses

A

stimulants

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29
Q

what is the effect of MDPV at high doses

A

bizarre behaviours

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30
Q

what are the 2 main methods of administration

A

dip keys into powder and snorting

wrapping powder in cig paper and swallow

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31
Q

how do they administer it to get a quick onset with prolonged effects

A

by snorting and injesting

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32
Q

which salt produces effects at very small doses (5mg) and why

A

MDPV, high lipophilicity

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33
Q

what is the rate of onset and offset of MDPV and why

A

fast because its highly lipophilic

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34
Q

how long is the duration of MDPV and why

A

short because highly lipophilic (fast on fast off)

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35
Q

what is a short-hand notation of flakka

A

alpha-PVP

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36
Q

what is the “new 2nd gen” of bath salts

A

flakka

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37
Q

how expensive is flakka

A

quite cheap, less than 5$

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38
Q

when was flakka introduced (why was it introduced)

A

when first gen drugs were made illegal

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39
Q

what are 2 other chemicals from the flakka family

A

alpha-PPP and alpha-PBP

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40
Q

what makes alpha-PVP, alpha-PPP and alpha-PBP different

A

the length of their carbon tail

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41
Q

what is the difference with MDPV and alpha-PVP

A

no methylenedioxy ring

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42
Q

why is flakka more lipid soluble than the cathionones

A

because of the tertiary nitrogen of the pyrrolidine ring

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43
Q

what does a shorter chain of ( PVP vs PBP vs PPP ) change

A

the potency at DAT and SERT

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44
Q

what is the difference with methcathionone and mephedrone

A

an extra methyl group

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45
Q

what is the difference with methcathionone and methylone

A

a methylenedioxy ring

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46
Q

what is the difference with methcathionone and MDPV

A

pyrrolidine ring
methylenedioxy ring
ethyl group

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47
Q

What is a buck?

A

A duck

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48
Q

What is a Duck?

A

a buck?

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49
Q

How many?

A

1

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50
Q

What colour is a frog

A

Geen yeyyo belly

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51
Q

How is a frog yeyyo belly?

A

buck hugs

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52
Q

What is a BUCKO BERRY?

A

:D

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53
Q

which bath salt is faster than amphetamines to cross the BBB and why

A

MDPV and its derivatives

because of the tertiary amino group

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54
Q

does flakka cross lipids easier or harder than other cathionones and why

A

easier because of a tertiary nitrogen

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55
Q

why does flakka cross lipids easier than other cathionones

A

tertiary nitrogen

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56
Q

is flakka or cathinones more potent and why

A

flakka because they have the tertiary nitrogen group

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57
Q

order alpha- PBP PPP and PVP order from longest CH3 chain to shorters

A

PVP
PBP
PPP

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58
Q

what happens if you remove a methyl group from alpha-PVP

A

you get alpha PBP

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59
Q

what happens if you remove a methyl group from alpha-PBP

A

you get alpha PPP

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60
Q

what happens if you add a methyl group to alpha-PBP

A

you get alpha PVP

61
Q

what happens if you add a methyl group to alpha-PPP

A

you get alpha PBP

62
Q

what does chain length (of flakka derivatives) do to potency at DAT and SERT

A

shortening chain reduced potency

63
Q

what does a short CH3 chain mean to potency at DAT and SERT

A

it is less potent

64
Q

what does a long CH3 chain mean to potency at DAT and SERT

A

it is more potent

65
Q

cathinones WITHOUT a pyrrolidine ring tend to have similar mechnism of action to the ____________

A

amphetamines

66
Q

cathinones WITH a pyrrolidine ring (MDPV and others) tend to have similar mechnism of action to the ____________

A

cocaine

67
Q

where do cathinones without pyrrolidine ring bind

A

DA 5HT and NA transporters

68
Q

do cathinones without pyrrolidine ring enter the neuron

A

yes

69
Q

how do do cathinones without pyrrolidine ring enter the neuron

A

transported into neuron by SERT and (also DAT NAT)

70
Q

what do cathinones without pyrrolidine ring do once theyre in the neuron

A

they interact with TAAR

71
Q

what happens once cathinones without pyrrolidine ring interact with TAAR

A

they release cytoplasmic stores of NT release via reversal of transporters and inhibition of VMAT-dependent neurotransmitter uptake into vesicles

72
Q

does MDPV block the transporters

A

yes

73
Q

does MDPV reverse transporter flux

A

no

74
Q

does flakka reverse transporter flux

A

no

75
Q

does alpha-PVP reverse transporter flux

A

no

76
Q

does methcathione reverse transporter flux

A

yes

77
Q

does mephedrone reverse transporter flux

A

yes

78
Q

does methylone reverse transporter flux

A

yes

79
Q

what does IC50 stand for

A

inhibitory concentration

80
Q

what is IC50

A

the concentration that inhibits 50% of uptake via a specific transport

81
Q

how does IC50 correlate to potency

A

lower concentration (lower #) correlates to higher potency

82
Q

what does a low IC50 mean to potency

A

high potency

83
Q

what does a high IC50 mean to potency

A

low potency

84
Q

how does cathinone compare to potency of cocaine at DAT

A

more potent

85
Q

how does cathinone compare to potency of amphetamines at DAT

A

more potent

86
Q

how does cathinone compare to potency of cocaine at SERT

A

less potent

87
Q

how does cathinone compare to potency of amphetamines at SERT

A

similar

88
Q

does MDPV or alpha-PVP have a higher IC50 at DAT

A

alpha-PVP

89
Q

does MDPV or alpha-PVP have a higher potency at DAT

A

MDPV

90
Q

does MDPV or alpha-PVP have a higher IC50 at SERT

A

alpha-PVP

91
Q

does MDPV or alpha-PVP have a higher potency at SERT

A

MDPV

92
Q

what is the role of the DAT/SERT ratio

A

a measure of potential dependence risk

93
Q

what does a high DAT/SERT ratio mean

A

it effects DAT more than SERT

94
Q

what does a DAT/SERT ratio of 806 mean

A

drug is 806X more potent at DAT than SERT

95
Q

how do you calculate DAT/SERT ratio

A

you actually divide SERT by DAT

96
Q

what is the DAT/SERT ratio of cocaine

A

1.5

97
Q

what is the DAT/SERT ratio of amphetamine

A

37

98
Q

what is the DAT/SERT ratio of MDPV

A

806

99
Q

what is the DAT/SERT ratio of alpha-PVP

A

more than 780

100
Q

rate MDPV cocaine amphetamine and alpha-PVP by lowest to highest DAT/SERT ratio

A
  • cocaine
  • amphetamine
  • MDPV
  • alpha-PVP
101
Q

what does the very high DAT/SERT ratio for alpha-PVP mean

A

very dangerous and addictive, more likely to have dependence

102
Q

what are the medical issues/ symptoms of cathionone related to

A

surge in DA, NA, 5HT in periphery

103
Q

what is the primary problem in several of the cathionoe related deaths

A

hyperthermia

104
Q

why do lots of people on cathinone take their clothes off

A

hyperthermia

105
Q

what does hyperthermia lead to with cathinone

A

rhambdomyolysis, kidney failure

106
Q

what can happen to HR with cathinone use

A

tachycardia then bradycardia

107
Q

what 4 things can happen to cardio system with cathinone

A

tachycardia then bradycardia
hypertension
chest pain

108
Q

what are the psychological symptoms of cathinone

A

panic attacks, paranoia, suicidal thoughts, confusion, psychosis

109
Q

can you die on cathinone alone

A

yes

110
Q

what causes the cerebral edema with cathinon use

A

hyponatremia (water enters cells, brain swell)

111
Q

in the 29 y/o male that died with cathinone, what is the order of events that happened (2)

A

seizure

cerebellar tonsillar herniation

112
Q

why is cerebellar tonsillar herniation bad

A

cerebellum squeezes through opening at base of skull, pressure on brain stem interferes with respiration and heart beat

113
Q

what is the original use for dextromethrophan

A

ingredient in cough and cold remedies

114
Q

what is robotripping

A

when people use robotussin (dextromethorphan)

115
Q

what are the side effects of dextromethrophan at high cocentrations

A

similar to ethanol or cannabis but more cognitive, motor, and perception impairment

116
Q

what are the side effects of dextromethrophan at very high cocentrations

A

excited delirium - linked to death

117
Q

what is the mechanism of action of dextromethrophan and its metabolites

A

block NMDA receptors

118
Q

what causes psychosis and violence with dextromethrophan use

A

blockage of NMDA receptors

119
Q

what does blockage of NMDA from dextromethrophan cause

A

psychosis and violence

120
Q

what metabolizes dextromethrophan

A

CYP2D6

121
Q

what is dextromethrophan metabolized into

A

dextorphan

122
Q

what is dextophans affinity for NMDA receptors when compared to dextromethrophan

A

higher

123
Q

what is the psychoactive effects and dependence risk of dextromethrophan linked to

A

differences in CYP2D6 genes

124
Q

what do differences in CYP2D6 genes link to

A

different levels of psychoactive effects and dependence risk of dextromethrophan

125
Q

what does a decreased metabolism of dextromethrophan by CYP2D6 do to euphoria (why)

A

less euphoria

likely because its metabolite, dextorphan, has a higher affinity for the NMDA receptors

126
Q

what are the ingredients in Robitussin

A

dextromethrophan and chlorpheniramine

127
Q

what is chlorpheniramine

A

an antihistamine

128
Q

what are 2 things that chlorpheniramine does to body at high doses

A

elevated HR and delirium

129
Q

how does chlorpheniramine cause tachycardia and delirium

A

antagonist at mAChR (at high concentrations)

130
Q

what happens to brain volume if neuronal pruning is inhibited

A

you get a higher brain volume

131
Q

what happens to mental state with inhibited neuronal pruning (+1 type of dysfunction)

A

brain dysfunction

such as increased impulsivity

132
Q

what happens to adolescents that use dextromethrophan and why (2 things and what causes that)

A

inhibits neuronal pruning, so bigger volume and more dysfunction (such as increased impulsivity)

133
Q

are dextromethrophan more or less impulsive

A

more

134
Q

what area in the brain gets increase volume from dextromethrophan

A

PFC, parts of the brain that integrate reward pathway (PALLIDUM)

135
Q

what does the pallidum do

A

integrate reward pathway signals

136
Q

what part of the brain specifically is affected a lot by dextromethrophan

A

the pallidum

137
Q

what happens to codeine (metabolism)

A

it gets converted into morphine in the brain and liver

138
Q

what is promethazine (2 things it does)

A

antihistamine, inhibits vomiting and induces sleep

139
Q

what are the 2 drugs in the cough syrup used to make sizzurp

A

codeine and promethazine

140
Q

what are 2 drugs that sizzurp is often combined with

A

cannabis and xanax

141
Q

why does sizzurp and xanax become addictive and lethal

A

because of the synergistic effect of opioids and benzos

142
Q

what is the overall effect of sizzurp (1 word)

A

sedation

143
Q

why does sizzurp cause sedation

A

because codeine acts on the mu-opioid receptors

AND promethazine via central H1 receptors

144
Q

what are 2 effects of codeine

A

sedation and lack of worry

145
Q

what does codeine do at high doses

A

inhibits respiration

146
Q

what is the mechanism of action of promethazine

A

blocks central histamine type 1 receptors

147
Q

what does high doses of promethazine do

A

inhibits respiration and CV effects via mAChR receptors

- sudden death

148
Q

what is the antihistamine in sizzurp

A

promethazine

149
Q

what is the antihistamine in robitussin

A

chlorpheniramine

PMCOL 305 (26 decks)

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