Bath salts & plant food Flashcards
1
Q
what kind of drug are bath salts (depressants or stimulating)
A
stimulant
2
Q
why have bath salts become popular
A
they are alternatives to drugs like cocaine and MDMA
3
Q
what is the deal with MDPV
A
it is a kind of bath salt that caused 100+ deaths
4
Q
is there only 1 type of bath salts (explain)
A
no, the types in circulation change over time (as one becomes illegal, a new type emerges)
5
Q
has there been clinical testing on bath salts
A
no
6
Q
what is the reputation of bath salts
A
dangerous drugs that can harm or kill the user
7
Q
what is cathinone
A
naturally occurring drug found in the plant khat
8
Q
why is khat illegal in many countries
A
it is used as a stimulant and has caused many hospitlizations
9
Q
what are synthetic cathinones
A
a khat derivative
10
Q
what is mephedrone
A
one of the first reported components of bath salts
11
Q
what is another name for 4-methylmethcathinone
A
mephedrone
12
Q
why were synthetic cathinones first made
A
because khat has become illegal (it contains the stimulant cathinone)
13
Q
what kind of drug are cathinone (depressants or stimulating)
A
stimulating
14
Q
what are beta ketonated amphetamines
A
cathionone and its derivative
15
Q
what do you call cathionone and its derivatives
A
beta ketonated amphetamines
16
Q
what is the difference with cathionine and amphetamine (structure)
A
just a ketone group
17
Q
how does the polarity of cathionone compare to amphetamines +why
A
more polar because of the ketone
18
Q
what is mephedrone (compared to cathionone)
A
semi-synthetic derived from cathionone
19
Q
which was the first bath salt that became popular
A
mephedrone
20
Q
what are the 3 most popular bath salts
A
mephedrone, methylone, MDPV
21
Q
how does the ability of of cathionone to cross the BBB compare to amphetamines +why
A
it is slower (because more polar from ketone)
22
Q
how does the structure of methylone compare to mephedrone
A
it has a methylenedioxy ring instead of the methyl group
23
Q
how does the structure of MDPV compare to mephedrone
A
it has an extra methylenedioxy ring (instead of the methyl group), pyrrolidine ring and ethyl group
24
Q
what do mephedrone, methylone, MDPV do to the sympathetic system and how
A
produce excitation by increase DA NA levels via transporter effects
25
what is excited delirius syndrome (psychological symptoms)
violence, homicidal combative behvarious, self-mutilation, excited delirium syndrome
26
what is excited delirius syndrome (physiological symptoms)
hyperthermia, rapid breathing (tachypnea), tachycardia then (suddenly go limp) bradycardia, cardiac arrest, death
27
what links to the sudden change in the effects of mephedrone, methylone, MDPV
ability to increase NA levels by blocking its transporter
28
what is the effect of MDPV at low doses
stimulants
29
what is the effect of MDPV at high doses
bizarre behaviours
30
what are the 2 main methods of administration
dip keys into powder and snorting
| wrapping powder in cig paper and swallow
31
how do they administer it to get a quick onset with prolonged effects
by snorting and injesting
32
which salt produces effects at very small doses (5mg) and why
MDPV, high lipophilicity
33
what is the rate of onset and offset of MDPV and why
fast because its highly lipophilic
34
how long is the duration of MDPV and why
short because highly lipophilic (fast on fast off)
35
what is a short-hand notation of flakka
alpha-PVP
36
what is the "new 2nd gen" of bath salts
flakka
37
how expensive is flakka
quite cheap, less than 5$
38
when was flakka introduced (why was it introduced)
when first gen drugs were made illegal
39
what are 2 other chemicals from the flakka family
alpha-PPP and alpha-PBP
40
what makes alpha-PVP, alpha-PPP and alpha-PBP different
the length of their carbon tail
41
what is the difference with MDPV and alpha-PVP
no methylenedioxy ring
42
why is flakka more lipid soluble than the cathionones
because of the tertiary nitrogen of the pyrrolidine ring
43
what does a shorter chain of ( PVP vs PBP vs PPP ) change
the potency at DAT and SERT
44
what is the difference with methcathionone and mephedrone
an extra methyl group
45
what is the difference with methcathionone and methylone
a methylenedioxy ring
46
what is the difference with methcathionone and MDPV
pyrrolidine ring
methylenedioxy ring
ethyl group
47
What is a buck?
A duck
48
What is a Duck?
a buck?
49
How many?
1
50
What colour is a frog
Geen yeyyo belly
51
How is a frog yeyyo belly?
buck hugs
52
What is a BUCKO BERRY?
:D
53
which bath salt is faster than amphetamines to cross the BBB and why
MDPV and its derivatives
| because of the tertiary amino group
54
does flakka cross lipids easier or harder than other cathionones and why
easier because of a tertiary nitrogen
55
why does flakka cross lipids easier than other cathionones
tertiary nitrogen
56
is flakka or cathinones more potent and why
flakka because they have the tertiary nitrogen group
57
order alpha- PBP PPP and PVP order from longest CH3 chain to shorters
PVP
PBP
PPP
58
what happens if you remove a methyl group from alpha-PVP
you get alpha PBP
59
what happens if you remove a methyl group from alpha-PBP
you get alpha PPP
60
what happens if you add a methyl group to alpha-PBP
you get alpha PVP
61
what happens if you add a methyl group to alpha-PPP
you get alpha PBP
62
what does chain length (of flakka derivatives) do to potency at DAT and SERT
shortening chain reduced potency
63
what does a short CH3 chain mean to potency at DAT and SERT
it is less potent
64
what does a long CH3 chain mean to potency at DAT and SERT
it is more potent
65
cathinones WITHOUT a pyrrolidine ring tend to have similar mechnism of action to the ____________
amphetamines
66
cathinones WITH a pyrrolidine ring (MDPV and others) tend to have similar mechnism of action to the ____________
cocaine
67
where do cathinones without pyrrolidine ring bind
DA 5HT and NA transporters
68
do cathinones without pyrrolidine ring enter the neuron
yes
69
how do do cathinones without pyrrolidine ring enter the neuron
transported into neuron by SERT and (also DAT NAT)
70
what do cathinones without pyrrolidine ring do once theyre in the neuron
they interact with TAAR
71
what happens once cathinones without pyrrolidine ring interact with TAAR
they release cytoplasmic stores of NT release via reversal of transporters and inhibition of VMAT-dependent neurotransmitter uptake into vesicles
72
does MDPV block the transporters
yes
73
does MDPV reverse transporter flux
no
74
does flakka reverse transporter flux
no
75
does alpha-PVP reverse transporter flux
no
76
does methcathione reverse transporter flux
yes
77
does mephedrone reverse transporter flux
yes
78
does methylone reverse transporter flux
yes
79
what does IC50 stand for
inhibitory concentration
80
what is IC50
the concentration that inhibits 50% of uptake via a specific transport
81
how does IC50 correlate to potency
lower concentration (lower #) correlates to higher potency
82
what does a low IC50 mean to potency
high potency
83
what does a high IC50 mean to potency
low potency
84
how does cathinone compare to potency of cocaine at DAT
more potent
85
how does cathinone compare to potency of amphetamines at DAT
more potent
86
how does cathinone compare to potency of cocaine at SERT
less potent
87
how does cathinone compare to potency of amphetamines at SERT
similar
88
does MDPV or alpha-PVP have a higher IC50 at DAT
alpha-PVP
89
does MDPV or alpha-PVP have a higher potency at DAT
MDPV
90
does MDPV or alpha-PVP have a higher IC50 at SERT
alpha-PVP
91
does MDPV or alpha-PVP have a higher potency at SERT
MDPV
92
what is the role of the DAT/SERT ratio
a measure of potential dependence risk
93
what does a high DAT/SERT ratio mean
it effects DAT more than SERT
94
what does a DAT/SERT ratio of 806 mean
drug is 806X more potent at DAT than SERT
95
how do you calculate DAT/SERT ratio
you actually divide SERT by DAT
96
what is the DAT/SERT ratio of cocaine
1.5
97
what is the DAT/SERT ratio of amphetamine
37
98
what is the DAT/SERT ratio of MDPV
806
99
what is the DAT/SERT ratio of alpha-PVP
more than 780
100
rate MDPV cocaine amphetamine and alpha-PVP by lowest to highest DAT/SERT ratio
- cocaine
- amphetamine
- MDPV
- alpha-PVP
101
what does the very high DAT/SERT ratio for alpha-PVP mean
very dangerous and addictive, more likely to have dependence
102
what are the medical issues/ symptoms of cathionone related to
surge in DA, NA, 5HT in periphery
103
what is the primary problem in several of the cathionoe related deaths
hyperthermia
104
why do lots of people on cathinone take their clothes off
hyperthermia
105
what does hyperthermia lead to with cathinone
rhambdomyolysis, kidney failure
106
what can happen to HR with cathinone use
tachycardia then bradycardia
107
what 4 things can happen to cardio system with cathinone
tachycardia then bradycardia
hypertension
chest pain
108
what are the psychological symptoms of cathinone
panic attacks, paranoia, suicidal thoughts, confusion, psychosis
109
can you die on cathinone alone
yes
110
what causes the cerebral edema with cathinon use
hyponatremia (water enters cells, brain swell)
111
in the 29 y/o male that died with cathinone, what is the order of events that happened (2)
seizure
| cerebellar tonsillar herniation
112
why is cerebellar tonsillar herniation bad
cerebellum squeezes through opening at base of skull, pressure on brain stem interferes with respiration and heart beat
113
what is the original use for dextromethrophan
ingredient in cough and cold remedies
114
what is robotripping
when people use robotussin (dextromethorphan)
115
what are the side effects of dextromethrophan at high cocentrations
similar to ethanol or cannabis but more cognitive, motor, and perception impairment
116
what are the side effects of dextromethrophan at very high cocentrations
excited delirium - linked to death
117
what is the mechanism of action of dextromethrophan and its metabolites
block NMDA receptors
118
what causes psychosis and violence with dextromethrophan use
blockage of NMDA receptors
119
what does blockage of NMDA from dextromethrophan cause
psychosis and violence
120
what metabolizes dextromethrophan
CYP2D6
121
what is dextromethrophan metabolized into
dextorphan
122
what is dextophans affinity for NMDA receptors when compared to dextromethrophan
higher
123
what is the psychoactive effects and dependence risk of dextromethrophan linked to
differences in CYP2D6 genes
124
what do differences in CYP2D6 genes link to
different levels of psychoactive effects and dependence risk of dextromethrophan
125
what does a decreased metabolism of dextromethrophan by CYP2D6 do to euphoria (why)
less euphoria
| likely because its metabolite, dextorphan, has a higher affinity for the NMDA receptors
126
what are the ingredients in Robitussin
dextromethrophan and chlorpheniramine
127
what is chlorpheniramine
an antihistamine
128
what are 2 things that chlorpheniramine does to body at high doses
elevated HR and delirium
129
how does chlorpheniramine cause tachycardia and delirium
antagonist at mAChR (at high concentrations)
130
what happens to brain volume if neuronal pruning is inhibited
you get a higher brain volume
131
what happens to mental state with inhibited neuronal pruning (+1 type of dysfunction)
brain dysfunction
such as increased impulsivity
132
what happens to adolescents that use dextromethrophan and why (2 things and what causes that)
inhibits neuronal pruning, so bigger volume and more dysfunction (such as increased impulsivity)
133
are dextromethrophan more or less impulsive
more
134
what area in the brain gets increase volume from dextromethrophan
PFC, parts of the brain that integrate reward pathway (PALLIDUM)
135
what does the pallidum do
integrate reward pathway signals
136
what part of the brain specifically is affected a lot by dextromethrophan
the pallidum
137
what happens to codeine (metabolism)
it gets converted into morphine in the brain and liver
138
what is promethazine (2 things it does)
antihistamine, inhibits vomiting and induces sleep
139
what are the 2 drugs in the cough syrup used to make sizzurp
codeine and promethazine
140
what are 2 drugs that sizzurp is often combined with
cannabis and xanax
141
why does sizzurp and xanax become addictive and lethal
because of the synergistic effect of opioids and benzos
142
what is the overall effect of sizzurp (1 word)
sedation
143
why does sizzurp cause sedation
because codeine acts on the mu-opioid receptors
AND promethazine via central H1 receptors
144
what are 2 effects of codeine
sedation and lack of worry
145
what does codeine do at high doses
inhibits respiration
146
what is the mechanism of action of promethazine
blocks central histamine type 1 receptors
147
what does high doses of promethazine do
inhibits respiration and CV effects via mAChR receptors
| - sudden death
148
what is the antihistamine in sizzurp
promethazine
149
what is the antihistamine in robitussin
chlorpheniramine
