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PMCOL 305 > Performance enhancer drugs > Flashcards

Performance enhancer drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major performance enhancing drugs

A

anabolic steroids

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2
Q

what are anabolic steroids based on

A

testosterone but mostly synthetic derivatives

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3
Q

why were anabolic steroids originally used

A

to allow malnourished patients to gain weight and buscle

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4
Q

what are the 2 main roles of naturally occurring steroids

A

growth and maintenance of body

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5
Q

what are the 2 main effects of steroids

A

androgenic and anabolic

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6
Q

what are the androgenic effects of steroids

A

promotion of male sexual characteristics, like muscle and facial hair

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7
Q

what are the 4 anabolic effects of steroids

A

increase muscle mass, increase protein synthesis, redistribution of body fat, increase calcium deposits in bone

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8
Q

do users want the androgenic or anabolic of steroids

A

the anabolic effects, especially females

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9
Q

how many anabolic steroid classes are there?

A

3

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10
Q

what are type 1 anabolic steroids

A

testosterone esters

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11
Q

what are 3 things that testosterone esters do (type 1)

A

slows down metabolism for longer effect
hydrolyzed in body to free T
aromatized into estrogens

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12
Q

what do testosterone esters (type 1) do to metabolism

A

slow it down

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13
Q

what is testosterone esters (type 1) metabolized into

A

free T

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14
Q

what is testosterone esters (type 1) aromatized into

A

estrogens

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15
Q

which type of anabolic steroid is bad for males and why

A

testosterone esters (type 1) because they are aromatized into estrogens`

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16
Q

what are type 2 anabolic steroids

A

19-nor testosterone derivatives

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17
Q

what is the structure of 19-nor testosterone derivatives like

A

methyl group at C19 is removed

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18
Q

what is the half life of 19-nor testosterone derivatives

A

extended

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19
Q

what is the androgenic activity of 19-nor testosterone derivatives (type 2)

A

reduced

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20
Q

is 19-nor testosterone derivatives (type 2) aromatized like type 1

A

yes but 20% as efficiently (so much less)

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21
Q

what are type 3 anabolic steroids

A

17α-alkyl derivative

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22
Q

what does alkylation on type 3 anabolic steroids do

A

reduces liver metabolism so they can be taken orally

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23
Q

are type 3 converted into 17β-estradiol

A

no

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24
Q

what does the extra ring in type 3 cause

A

increased anabolic effect

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25
Q

what are 2 structural things added to type 3 anabolic steroids

A

alkyl group and an extra ring

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26
Q

what is 1 structural difference with T and type 2

A

removed methyl at C19

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27
Q

which of the anabolic steroid classes cant be taken orally

A

2

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28
Q

are many old steroids easily detectable and why

A

yes because they were/are commonly used

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29
Q

are many new steroids easily detectable and why

A

no because they dont know what to look for

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30
Q

what are 2 big issues with designer steroids

A
  • drug labs dont know what to identify(cant detect what you dont know)
  • they havent been tested for safetly like the origional ones
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31
Q

how are designer steroids made

A

modifications of existing steroids by illicit drug labs

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32
Q

which receptor do anabolic steroids bind

A

to the androgen receptor

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33
Q

what happens to receptor binding with high concentrations of androgens

A

anabolic steroids will start binding to other receptors, like estrogen

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34
Q

what happens once steroids bind to its receptor (4 steps)

A
  • complex enters nucleus
  • Binds to region of DNA to activate certain genes
  • makes mRNA
  • mRNA used to make new proteins (like muscle mass)
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35
Q

what do steroids do to stem cells

A

steer them into muscle cells and prevent them forming fat cells

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36
Q

are the proteins made by steroid just those involved in muscle

A

no - steroid receptors are found in many different tissue (even brain)

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37
Q

are there steroid receptors in the brain

A

yes

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38
Q

do we know all the genes that are activated by steroids

A

no, huge gap in knowledge

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39
Q

what are some of the genes other than those for muscle growth responsible for

A

unwanted and dangerous side effects

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40
Q

what is hypogonadism

A

testes reacting to steroids by making less T, shrink testicles, lower sperm count, can be irreversible

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41
Q

what can happen to fertility with steroids

A

some people become permanently infertile

42
Q

what are effects of steroids in women

A

masculinization
facial hair
decreased breast size
loss of period

43
Q

what happens to breast size in women with steroids

A

decrease

44
Q

what happens to breast size in men with steroids

A

increase because testosterone is the precursor to estradiol - mediated by aromatase enzyme

45
Q

what is gynecomastia

A

breast enlargement in men

46
Q

why do some bros take aromatase inhibitors

A

to block conversion of testosterone into estrogen

47
Q

how do androgens cause severe acne

A
  • steroids enlarge sebaceous glands
  • increase sebum production
  • increase cell growth in hair follicles
  • increase bacteria population
48
Q

what is acne fulminans

A

severe type of acne with a bone lesion and arthritis component

49
Q

what causes acne fulminans (likely)

A

reaction to P. acne bacterium

50
Q

can acne fulminans happen without steroids

A

yes but very rare

51
Q

where are steroids metabolized

A

in the liver

52
Q

what does steroids do to the liver

A

increase risk of tumors

53
Q

what kind of liver tumors happen with steroids

A

benign blood filled cysts that can cause liver failure or bleeding out

54
Q

are the liver tumors reversible

A

yes upon cessation usually

55
Q

what are 3 effects of steroids on the cardiovascular system

A

increase BP, increase cholesterol, heart abnormalities

56
Q

how do steroids increase cholesterol

A

increase LDL:HDL ratio

57
Q

how do many steroid abusers die

A

cardiac issues - heart attack and stroke

58
Q

why are steroid users more prone to heart attack and stroke (3)

A
  • more platelet aggregation
  • immune cells stick to vessel walls (increase inflammation)
  • inhibit synthesis of nitric oxide (vasodilator)
59
Q

what does steroids do to platelet aggregation

A

increase

60
Q

what does steroids do to immune cells

A

increase inflammation

61
Q

what does steroids do to nitric oxide

A

inhibits synthesis

62
Q

what does steroids do to heart muscle mass

A

increase

63
Q

what is the issue with steroids increase to heart muscle mass

A

it doesnt increase the amount of blood vessels so therefore less oxygen can be delivered

64
Q

what is roid rage

A

aggression and anger and rage in users

65
Q

is roid rage a myth

A

no

66
Q

what are other common mental issues associated with roid rage

A

psychosis and depression and suicide

67
Q

which users are more prone to aggression and roid rage and stuff

A

dependent users (63% in dependent and 16% in non dependent)

68
Q

what is the mechanism of action of steroid cause aggression

A

modulate GABA-a NMDA and 5HT receptors

69
Q

how are GABA-a NMDA and 5HT receptors activated by receptors

A

because there are steroid binding sites on them (normally modulated by “neurosteroids” produced in the brain

70
Q

what part of the brain is the centre of aggression

A

anterior hypothalamus

71
Q

what receptor stimulation in the anterior hypothalamus will result in aggression and violence in animal models

A

D2 receptor

72
Q

what does D2 stimulation in the anterior hypothalamus cause

A

aggression and violence in animal models

73
Q

what does moderate doses of anabolic steroids in adolescence do to D2 in anterior hypothalamus

A

increase

74
Q

where are D2 receptors that are linked to aggression

A

anterior hypothalamus

75
Q

what is arginine vasopression (AVP) (excitatory or inhibitory, what does it do to aggression)

A

excitatory, potentiates aggression

76
Q

what is serotonin (excitatory or inhibitory, what does it do to aggression)

A

inhibitory, decreases aggression

77
Q

what does anabolic steroid exposure do to AVP (arginine vasopression) effects

A

increase

78
Q

what does anabolic steroid exposure do to serotonin effects

A

decrease

79
Q

what is nandrolone

A

a steroid

80
Q

what does chronic nandrolone exposure do to mice

A

increases aggression

81
Q

how does nandrolone increase expression

A

decreases mRNA levels for 5HT receptors in many brain regions (PFC, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala)

82
Q

what was the most commonly reported effect in steroid users

A

depression

83
Q

how do steroids cause depression

A

decrease BDNF (in rats)

84
Q

what does DBNF do normally

A

stimulates neuronal growth in hippocampus

85
Q

what is cholimipramine

A

TCA antidepressant

86
Q

what can reverse depression from steroids

A

cholimipramine, a TCA antidepressant

87
Q

what does a decrease in BDNF correlate to

A

depressed behaviour

88
Q

do steroids actually increase muscle mass

A

yes

89
Q

what is the % increase in baseline strength with steroids

A

5-20% depending on dose

90
Q

what do recent animal studies suggest about how steroids increase muscle mass

A

increase in the number of myonuclei and increased muscle fibre cross-sectional area

91
Q

what can further increase the muscle mass increase with steroids

A

muscle overload (working out)

92
Q

what does acute anabolic steroid exposure do to long lasting muscle

A

it can lead to long-lasting increase in myonuclei that helps muscles to grow in absense of drug

93
Q

what are the effects of steroids after 3 weeks

A

number of myosteroids stay significantly higher

94
Q

what are the effects of steroids after many weeks of not using and not exercising

A

cross sectional area fell back to control levels

95
Q

what are the effects of steroids after many weeks of not using and then 2 weeks of exercise (compared to control)

A

increase myonuclei and cross sectional area compared to control (maintained advantage in steroid animals despite not taking steroids in weeks)

96
Q

what % of steroid users become dependent

A

30%

97
Q

what is a possible reward symptom of using steroids

A

euphoria

98
Q

what is the mechanism of reward in steroids (2)

A
  • increase beta-endorphin levels which can decrease GABA release onto DA neurons in VTA
  • modulate GABA-A R that increases DA firing in mesolimbic pathway
99
Q

what do steroids do to beta endorphins and what is the result with you

A

increase which decreases GABA release onto dopaminergic neurons in the VTA

100
Q

what happens when steroids modulate GABA-A receptors

A

there is an increased firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic pathway

101
Q

what do steroids do to GABA release onto DA neurons in VTA

A

decrease

102
Q

what do steroids DA neuron firing in mesolimbic pathway

A

increase

PMCOL 305 (26 decks)

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