Performance enhancer drugs Flashcards
1
Q
what are the major performance enhancing drugs
A
anabolic steroids
2
Q
what are anabolic steroids based on
A
testosterone but mostly synthetic derivatives
3
Q
why were anabolic steroids originally used
A
to allow malnourished patients to gain weight and buscle
4
Q
what are the 2 main roles of naturally occurring steroids
A
growth and maintenance of body
5
Q
what are the 2 main effects of steroids
A
androgenic and anabolic
6
Q
what are the androgenic effects of steroids
A
promotion of male sexual characteristics, like muscle and facial hair
7
Q
what are the 4 anabolic effects of steroids
A
increase muscle mass, increase protein synthesis, redistribution of body fat, increase calcium deposits in bone
8
Q
do users want the androgenic or anabolic of steroids
A
the anabolic effects, especially females
9
Q
how many anabolic steroid classes are there?
A
3
10
Q
what are type 1 anabolic steroids
A
testosterone esters
11
Q
what are 3 things that testosterone esters do (type 1)
A
slows down metabolism for longer effect
hydrolyzed in body to free T
aromatized into estrogens
12
Q
what do testosterone esters (type 1) do to metabolism
A
slow it down
13
Q
what is testosterone esters (type 1) metabolized into
A
free T
14
Q
what is testosterone esters (type 1) aromatized into
A
estrogens
15
Q
which type of anabolic steroid is bad for males and why
A
testosterone esters (type 1) because they are aromatized into estrogens`
16
Q
what are type 2 anabolic steroids
A
19-nor testosterone derivatives
17
Q
what is the structure of 19-nor testosterone derivatives like
A
methyl group at C19 is removed
18
Q
what is the half life of 19-nor testosterone derivatives
A
extended
19
Q
what is the androgenic activity of 19-nor testosterone derivatives (type 2)
A
reduced
20
Q
is 19-nor testosterone derivatives (type 2) aromatized like type 1
A
yes but 20% as efficiently (so much less)
21
Q
what are type 3 anabolic steroids
A
17α-alkyl derivative
22
Q
what does alkylation on type 3 anabolic steroids do
A
reduces liver metabolism so they can be taken orally
23
Q
are type 3 converted into 17β-estradiol
A
no
24
Q
what does the extra ring in type 3 cause
A
increased anabolic effect
25
what are 2 structural things added to type 3 anabolic steroids
alkyl group and an extra ring
26
what is 1 structural difference with T and type 2
removed methyl at C19
27
which of the anabolic steroid classes cant be taken orally
2
28
are many old steroids easily detectable and why
yes because they were/are commonly used
29
are many new steroids easily detectable and why
no because they dont know what to look for
30
what are 2 big issues with designer steroids
- drug labs dont know what to identify(cant detect what you dont know)
- they havent been tested for safetly like the origional ones
31
how are designer steroids made
modifications of existing steroids by illicit drug labs
32
which receptor do anabolic steroids bind
to the androgen receptor
33
what happens to receptor binding with high concentrations of androgens
anabolic steroids will start binding to other receptors, like estrogen
34
what happens once steroids bind to its receptor (4 steps)
- complex enters nucleus
- Binds to region of DNA to activate certain genes
- makes mRNA
- mRNA used to make new proteins (like muscle mass)
35
what do steroids do to stem cells
steer them into muscle cells and prevent them forming fat cells
36
are the proteins made by steroid just those involved in muscle
no - steroid receptors are found in many different tissue (even brain)
37
are there steroid receptors in the brain
yes
38
do we know all the genes that are activated by steroids
no, huge gap in knowledge
39
what are some of the genes other than those for muscle growth responsible for
unwanted and dangerous side effects
40
what is hypogonadism
testes reacting to steroids by making less T, shrink testicles, lower sperm count, can be irreversible
41
what can happen to fertility with steroids
some people become permanently infertile
42
what are effects of steroids in women
masculinization
facial hair
decreased breast size
loss of period
43
what happens to breast size in women with steroids
decrease
44
what happens to breast size in men with steroids
increase because testosterone is the precursor to estradiol - mediated by aromatase enzyme
45
what is gynecomastia
breast enlargement in men
46
why do some bros take aromatase inhibitors
to block conversion of testosterone into estrogen
47
how do androgens cause severe acne
- steroids enlarge sebaceous glands
- increase sebum production
- increase cell growth in hair follicles
- increase bacteria population
48
what is acne fulminans
severe type of acne with a bone lesion and arthritis component
49
what causes acne fulminans (likely)
reaction to P. acne bacterium
50
can acne fulminans happen without steroids
yes but very rare
51
where are steroids metabolized
in the liver
52
what does steroids do to the liver
increase risk of tumors
53
what kind of liver tumors happen with steroids
benign blood filled cysts that can cause liver failure or bleeding out
54
are the liver tumors reversible
yes upon cessation usually
55
what are 3 effects of steroids on the cardiovascular system
increase BP, increase cholesterol, heart abnormalities
56
how do steroids increase cholesterol
increase LDL:HDL ratio
57
how do many steroid abusers die
cardiac issues - heart attack and stroke
58
why are steroid users more prone to heart attack and stroke (3)
- more platelet aggregation
- immune cells stick to vessel walls (increase inflammation)
- inhibit synthesis of nitric oxide (vasodilator)
59
what does steroids do to platelet aggregation
increase
60
what does steroids do to immune cells
increase inflammation
61
what does steroids do to nitric oxide
inhibits synthesis
62
what does steroids do to heart muscle mass
increase
63
what is the issue with steroids increase to heart muscle mass
it doesnt increase the amount of blood vessels so therefore less oxygen can be delivered
64
what is roid rage
aggression and anger and rage in users
65
is roid rage a myth
no
66
what are other common mental issues associated with roid rage
psychosis and depression and suicide
67
which users are more prone to aggression and roid rage and stuff
dependent users (63% in dependent and 16% in non dependent)
68
what is the mechanism of action of steroid cause aggression
modulate GABA-a NMDA and 5HT receptors
69
how are GABA-a NMDA and 5HT receptors activated by receptors
because there are steroid binding sites on them (normally modulated by "neurosteroids" produced in the brain
70
what part of the brain is the centre of aggression
anterior hypothalamus
71
what receptor stimulation in the anterior hypothalamus will result in aggression and violence in animal models
D2 receptor
72
what does D2 stimulation in the anterior hypothalamus cause
aggression and violence in animal models
73
what does moderate doses of anabolic steroids in adolescence do to D2 in anterior hypothalamus
increase
74
where are D2 receptors that are linked to aggression
anterior hypothalamus
75
what is arginine vasopression (AVP) (excitatory or inhibitory, what does it do to aggression)
excitatory, potentiates aggression
76
what is serotonin (excitatory or inhibitory, what does it do to aggression)
inhibitory, decreases aggression
77
what does anabolic steroid exposure do to AVP (arginine vasopression) effects
increase
78
what does anabolic steroid exposure do to serotonin effects
decrease
79
what is nandrolone
a steroid
80
what does chronic nandrolone exposure do to mice
increases aggression
81
how does nandrolone increase expression
decreases mRNA levels for 5HT receptors in many brain regions (PFC, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala)
82
what was the most commonly reported effect in steroid users
depression
83
how do steroids cause depression
decrease BDNF (in rats)
84
what does DBNF do normally
stimulates neuronal growth in hippocampus
85
what is cholimipramine
TCA antidepressant
86
what can reverse depression from steroids
cholimipramine, a TCA antidepressant
87
what does a decrease in BDNF correlate to
depressed behaviour
88
do steroids actually increase muscle mass
yes
89
what is the % increase in baseline strength with steroids
5-20% depending on dose
90
what do recent animal studies suggest about how steroids increase muscle mass
increase in the number of myonuclei and increased muscle fibre cross-sectional area
91
what can further increase the muscle mass increase with steroids
muscle overload (working out)
92
what does acute anabolic steroid exposure do to long lasting muscle
it can lead to long-lasting increase in myonuclei that helps muscles to grow in absense of drug
93
what are the effects of steroids after 3 weeks
number of myosteroids stay significantly higher
94
what are the effects of steroids after many weeks of not using and not exercising
cross sectional area fell back to control levels
95
what are the effects of steroids after many weeks of not using and then 2 weeks of exercise (compared to control)
increase myonuclei and cross sectional area compared to control (maintained advantage in steroid animals despite not taking steroids in weeks)
96
what % of steroid users become dependent
30%
97
what is a possible reward symptom of using steroids
euphoria
98
what is the mechanism of reward in steroids (2)
- increase beta-endorphin levels which can decrease GABA release onto DA neurons in VTA
- modulate GABA-A R that increases DA firing in mesolimbic pathway
99
what do steroids do to beta endorphins and what is the result with you
increase which decreases GABA release onto dopaminergic neurons in the VTA
100
what happens when steroids modulate GABA-A receptors
there is an increased firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic pathway
101
what do steroids do to GABA release onto DA neurons in VTA
decrease
102
what do steroids DA neuron firing in mesolimbic pathway
increase
