Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMCOL 305 > 1- intro > Flashcards

1- intro Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main categories of criteria for substance use disorder

A
  • impaired control
  • social impairment
  • risky use
  • pharmalogical indicators (tolerance and withdrawal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what ratio of the SUD criteria must be scored for it to be classified as an addiction

A

6/11 or more (severe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is addiction

A

the most severe and chronic stage of SUD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is SUD

A

substance use disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 3 C’s of addiction

A

consequences, control (loss of) and compulsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is meant by the “consequences” in addiction

A

even with negative consequences, they still use drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is meant by the “control” in addiction

A

loss of control to stop, even if the user wants to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is meant by the “compuslive” in addiction

A

compulsive drug seeking and abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is addiction short and easy to get over

A

no

long lasting and relapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the tipping point from casual use

A

once tolerance and dependence gets involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what causes the long lasting changes in brain structure

A

escalating substance use over a period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does brain structure affect addiction

A

a change in brain structure from long-term use facilitates addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what part of the brain drives the animalistic needs and wants

A

basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what part of the brain is associated to binging and intoxication

A

basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what mediates the binging and intoxication

A

dopamine release, “reward”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is the pavlovian effect associated to basal ganglia

A

brain builds an association with dopamine release (reward) and drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does the basal ganglia create drug cravings

A

reward/dopamine pathway fires in anticipation of drug with triggers, which creates strong drug cravings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what part of the brain mediates withdrawal and negative affect

A

extended amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the extended amygdala usually do

A

helps with memory and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens to the amygdala once exposed to drugs

A

ordinary rewards lose motivational power, now it is focused on obtaining and using the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens to dopamine with continued use of drugs in the amygdala

A

decrease in dopamine sensitivity, so less reward comes from natural and drug stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the antireward effect

A

when repeated elevated levels of dopamine result in high stress circuitry when drug is not present, causes dysphoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for the antireward effect

A

amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what parts of brain play a role in cue-associated responses

A

amygdala hippocampus (memory centres) and basal ganglia too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for cravings/preoccupation/anticipation

A

prefrontal cortex

26
Q

what is the main role of the prefrontal cortex normally

A

self regulation, decision making, error monitoring, assignment of value

27
Q

what happens to the prefrontal cortex with drug use (science and artsy answer)

A

impaired dopamine and glutamate signalling impairs normal functioning, which causes a difficulty to resist strong urges or to follow through with decisions

28
Q

what 3 parts of the brain are most effected by drugs

A

basal ganglia
prefrontal cortex
extended amygdala

29
Q

what is tolerance

A

when you need more drug to get the same effect

30
Q

what is dependence

A

when you are physically&psychologically unwell (cant function) without drugs

31
Q

what is adaptation

A

changes in neurotransmitter (+other) pathways to maintain homeostasis

32
Q

what links tolerance and dependence

A

adaptation

33
Q

do drugs disrupt neuronal function in a non-specific way

A

no, they act on specific targets

34
Q

even with the right intent to quit, why do they usually keep using

A

prefrontal cortex is damaged/ dysfunctional and it makes it harder to follow through with good decisions

35
Q

what happens to brain activity with drugs that increase neurotransmitter availability (first time use)

A

excess activity due to excess neurotransmission

36
Q

how does the brain adapt to drugs that increase to neurotransmitter availability

A

decreases the amount of post-synaptic receptors (to counteract extra neurotransmitter release)

37
Q

what happens to the brain in withdrawal of drugs that increase neurotransmitter availability and WHY

A

low activity causing dysphoria (normal amount of neurotransmitters but less receptors)

38
Q

what happens to brain activity with drugs that decrease neurotransmitter availability (first time use)

A

there is low brain activity due to insufficient neurotransmission

39
Q

how does the brain adapt to drugs that decrease to neurotransmitter availability

A

increase the amount of post-synaptic receptors (to counteract less neurotransmitter release)

40
Q

what happens to the brain in withdrawal of drugs that decrease neurotransmitter availability and WHY

A

there is excess activity (extra receptors with normal neurotransmitter release) which is super dangerous cause seizures

41
Q

what kind of drugs cause different effects in different areas activity wise

A

opioids cause excess activity in reward pathway circuits but low activity in respiratory drive circuits

42
Q

what is pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

change in neurotransmission, sensitivity of neurons and neurotransmitter transporters due to chronic drug use

43
Q

what is drug disposition/metabolic tolerance

A

when chronic drug use causes increase metabolism/excretion of the drug

44
Q

what typically happens in metabolic tolerance

A

increased activity or levels of liver enzymes

45
Q

what is the classic example of metabolic tolerance

A

ethanol! up-regulation of liver enzymes and alternate metabolic pathways to remove ethanol from blood

46
Q

do drug users always become tolerant to all drug effects

A

no, because receptors dont all change the same ways.

ex: you may get tolerant to the highs but not the undesired side effects (constipation)

47
Q

how can an unbalance in tolerance to a drug be deadly

A

if you are tolerant to the high but not to side effects like breathing or heart rate stuff (they aren’t as adapted as the brain)

48
Q

is dependence physical or psychological

A

both

49
Q

does dependence or tolerance happen first

A

tolerance first then dependence, but they are linked

50
Q

what are withdrawal symptoms usually like (in relation to drug)

A

the opposite effect of the drug (heroin causes constipation, withdrawal causes diarrhea)

51
Q

what is uncompensated adaptive change

A

adaptive change is your body getting used to a drug, so, it is when your body freaks out when you stop taking a drug , uncompensated means that your body can’t balance out b/c you dont have the drug in you

52
Q

how does psychological dependence manifest

A

compulsion or percieved need of use

53
Q

what kind of drugs tend to produce the most psychological dependence

A

reinforcing drugs that stimulate the reward pathway

54
Q

what causes relapse even after quitting - parts of brain

A

long lasting changes in brain which can result in intense cravings even with simple triggers
PFC = no consequences
BG = need more drugs

55
Q

does drug abuse always result in tolerance and dependence

A

not always, because acute use may not lead to long term CNS or liver changes

56
Q

what is an example about the question of “does drug abuse always result in tolerance and dependence”

A

binge drinking, CNS & liver may not adapt even though there is increased risk of harm (social, physical injuries)

57
Q

what is the effect of acute drug state and its mechanism

A

reward (pavlovian association), activation of the reward pathway

58
Q

what is the effect of chronic drug state and its mechanism

A

tolerance dependence

adaptive change in receptors, 2nd messengers, enzymes, neuronal structure

59
Q

what is the effect of acute abstinence and its mechanism

A

withdrawal syndrome

uncompensated adaptive change (opposite of drugs effect)

60
Q

what is the effect of chronic abstinence and its mechanism

A

cravings

maybe because pavlovian is always there, hard to unlearn things

PMCOL 305 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions