2-hallucinogens Flashcards
what class is psilocybin
indole hallucinogen
what is the active ingredient in magic mushrooms
psilocybin
what are the psychological and physical effects of psilocybin like
a mild version of LSD
is it possible to overdose on psilocybin
no
where is psilocybin metabolized
in the gut
what happens in psilocybin metabolism
phosphate groups are removed
what does psilocybin get metabolized into
psilocin
what is the mechanism of action of psilocybin
5HT2A receptor agonist
what is the mechanism of action of psilocin
5HT2A receptor agonist
is psilocybin addictive
no
can you get tolerant to psilocybin
yes rapidly
what is the structure difference with psilocybin and psilocin
psilocybin has an extra phosphate group
where is psilocybin part of religious ceromonies
in mexico
what class of drug is DMT
an indole
how is DMT usually administered
snorted, smoked or injected
why cant DMT be ingested
because the gut contains MAO enzyme that destroys it
how long does DMT last + per routes
30 mins, regardless of route
what is the mechanism of action of DMT
5HT2A, also 5HT2C and 5HT1A agonist + many other receptors
does tolerance happen in DMT + what receptors are involved
no tolerance, no decrease in 5HT2A
why is there no tolerane in DMT
because less beta arrestin 5HT2A activation
when do natural levels of brain DMT increase in the brain
during stress
does DMT occur naturally in the brain
yes in mammals
what are the physiological effects of DMT
same as LSD and psilocybin (increase BP vasoconstric sweating dilated pupils)
what are the pyschological effects of DMT
intense hallucinogenic
what is ayahuasca (Where from)
a concoction of plants often brewed as a tea by indigenous people of the Amaxon
what is in ayahuasca
2 types of plants, some with DMT and some with beta-carbolines (MAO inhibitors)
what are beta-carbolines
MAO inhibitors
why is it good to take DMT with MAO inhibitor
DMT wont be degraded in the stomach no more so it can reach the brain
what parts of the brain are activated by ayahuasca
parts of the brain involved in vision and memory
what is a pro of ayahuasca
it has been used with therapy in withdrawal programs for many drugs
what class is bufotenin
indole
where is bufotenin found
in the skin of some toads and hallucinogenic plants
what is another name for bufotenin
5-hydroxy-DMT
what does bufotenin cause in many users
nausea and headache, but some get profound experiences
what is bad about toad toxins
they contain cardiac glycosides which can cause fatal heart rhythm to develop
do people produce bufotenin naturally (And who does more)
yes, more in schizophrenics maybe
which drug is marketed as an aphrodisiac
bufotenin
what is the structural difference of DMT and bufotenin
bufotenin has an extra hydroxyl group
what does NPS stand for
new psychoactive substances
who invented 2C drugs
alexander shulgin
what did alexander shulgin do
synthesized a bunch of new psychoactive susbtances and wrote a book about it “PIKHAL_
why are 2C drugs called 2C
because of the 2 carbons between the amino group and the benzene ring
what are all 2C drugs (what 2 classes)
phenethylamine, a type of catechol
what is the main target of 2C drugs
5HT2 receptors (A) and likely other receptors and transporters
what kind of effects do 2C give you (general, 2)
combination of hallucinations and stimulation
what is the difference with 2C drugs and other psychedelics
these ones can kill you
what structural change to 2C drugs increase hallucinogenicity
bromine or iodine in position 4
what happens when you put a bromine or iodine in position 4 in 2C drugs
they increase hallucinogenicity
how long does benzodifuran (bromo-dragonfly) last
1-3 days
what is the mechanism of action of benzodifuran (bromo-dragonfly)
interacts with 5HT2A and 5HT1 receptors
what is the main physiological effect of benzodifuran (bromo-dragonfly) + how
vasoconstriction via alpha adrenergic receptor activation
how does benzodifuran (bromo-dragonfly) compare to LSD
similar but more intense and longer lasting
what is bad about benzodifuran (bromo-dragonfly)
very narrow window of safe dose
have people died with benzodifuran (bromo-dragonfly)
yes a lot, very dangerous
what class is benzodifuran (bromo-dragonfly)
new psychoactive substances - its like a 2C drug
what are the symptoms people go to hospital with when taking benzodifuran (bromo-dragonfly)
severe agitation, violence, seizures, hyperthermia, excited delirium
what class is NBOMe from
new psychoactive substances
what is the mechanism of action of NBOMe
5HT2A full agonist
how does NBOMe compare to 2C series in potentcy
more potent
how potent is NBOMe
extremely
what is the difference with NBOMe and 2C series
2-methoxybenzyl group is added to the 2C backbone
what gives the NBOMe drugs such a high affinity
the 2-methoxybenzyl group added to the 2C backbone
what are the symptoms of NBOMe
same as 2-C, deadly
what is the difference with benzodifuran (bromo-dragonfly) and 2C series
2 furan extra
what is the name of the NBOMe series (what does it stand for)
N-benzyl-oxy-methyl
what are the original deliriants
anticholinergics
what are anticholinergics like as hallucinogens
they can give hallucinogenic effects but they often dont remember them (original deliriants)
what are 5 physiological symptoms of anticholinergics
increase HR, dry mouth, lack of perspiration, constipation, difficult pee
can anticholinergics be fatal and how
yes due to rapid HR and overheating and asphyxia
does anticholinergics give euphoria
no
are anticholinergics pleasant
generally no
what is the mechanism of actin of does anticholinergics
prevent ACh from binding to Muscarinic receptors
what does the muscarinic acetylcholine generally do
parasympathetic rest and digest and secrete
what are the 3 major anticholinergics
atropine
scopolamine
hyoscyamine (maybe)
what are 4 plants that contain anticholinergics
deadly nightshade/belladonna
mandrake
hensbane
jimsonweed (Datura)
what are PCP and ketamine classified as (2 classifications)
dissociative anesthetics and deliriants
what is different with PCP and ketamine and other hallucinogens
they completely remove you from reality
what are 4 bad things liked to PCP and ketamine
- suicides (severe depression)
- drownings
- self-inflicted wounds
- violence
how do people administer PCP
dip cigarettes into freebase form then smoke (not oral)
you can also snort and inject
how long does PCP last
4-8 hours
how do people administer ketamine
usually snort or inject, you can smoke or swallow
how long does ketamine last
35-40 minutes
what are the behavioural effects of ketamine and PCP at low doses
- relax, warm, numb
- euphoria, floating
- distorted body image
- analgesia!!!
- near death like experiences
- increase in locomotion in animals
why do they speculate that ketamine and PCP can increase DA levels
there is an initial increase in locomotion in animals
why is ketamine and PCP so different from other hallucinogens
because they are anesthetics
what are the behavioural effects of PCP at high doses
- psychosis (long lasting)
- violent paranoia
- sudden and extreme mood changes
- stereotypical movements (repeated non-productive movements)
- catalepsy
what is catalepsy
rigid body mosture
how long can psychosis from PCP last
several weeks
is PCP or ketamine used at higher doses
more often PCP
ketamine isnt usually used at high concentrations
what is the mechanism of action of ketamine and PCP
block ion channel in NMDA glutamate channel - Ca++ ions cant flow through
is ketamine and PCP or cocaine more reinforcing
cocaine
what NT systems does ketamine and PCP affect
wide variety - glutamate, NA, DA, 5HT, ACh
are ketamine and PCP reniforcing
yes in animals
what are the only reinforcing hallucinogens in animals
ketamine and PCP
does DA cause the reinforcement of ketamine and PCP
no
idk why
when do most PCP problems occur and why
if they enter a psychotic state, they wont feel pain
what drug damages the bladder
ketamine
what does ketamine damage the most and how
severe bladder damage, stops cells that line the bladder from growing
what are symptoms of ketamine cystitis
bloody urin
pain
incontinence
what is ketamine cystitis
severe bladder damage
how do you ingest salvia
chewed (absorbed buccally) or smoked (doesnt work if swallowed)
what is the main ingredient in salvia
salvinorin A
what is different about salvinorin A
it is the only known hallucinogen not to contain nitrogen so not an alkaloid
what is an alkaloid
any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds of plant origin which have pronounced physiological actions on humans
is salvinorin A an alkaloid or no
no because it has no nitrogen
what is the mechanism of action of salvinorin A
binds to kappa opioid receptors
what is special about salvinorin A and opioid receptors
it is the only non-alkaloid known to bind opioid receptors
does salvinorin A bind to 5HT2A receptors
nope
what are the effects of salvinorin A
anxiety fear confusion
what class is salvinorin A
its unique, deliriant-type
