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PMCOL 305 > 1-hallucinogens > Flashcards

1-hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of hallucinogens

A

indole, catechol (amphetamine derivatives), anticholinergics, delirants

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2
Q

what are catechol hallucinogens (2 words)

A

amphetamine derivatives

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3
Q

what are the phantasticas

A

the indole and catechol hallucinogens

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4
Q

what are phantasticas

A

drugs altering perceptions

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5
Q

do you remain in communication with the outside world with phantasticas

A

yes

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6
Q

do you remain in communication with the outside world with deliriants

A

no

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7
Q

what are you aware of in phantasticas

A

both fantasy and reality simultaneously

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8
Q

is there physiological toxicity with phantasticas

A

very little - but some of the new ones are deadly

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9
Q

what is an example of indole hallucinogen

A

LSD

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10
Q

what kind of hallucinogen is LSD

A

indole hallucinogen

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11
Q

what is the backbone of serotonin

A

indole

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12
Q

what kind of backbone does LSD have

A

indole

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13
Q

what kind of backbone does psylocybin have

A

indole

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14
Q

what natural molecule is psylocybin like

A

serotonin

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15
Q

what natural molecule is LSD like

A

serotonin

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16
Q

where does bufotenin come from

A

toads

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17
Q

what kind of hallucinogen is bufotenin

A

indole

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18
Q

what kind of hallucinogen is the 2C drugs

A

catechol hallucinogens

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19
Q

what signalling molecule does indole hallucinogens similar to

A

serotonin

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20
Q

what signalling molecule does catechol hallucinogens similar to

A

dopamine and noradrenaline

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21
Q

what are 3 examples of catechol hallucinogens

A
  • mescaline
  • MDMA
  • 2-C drugs
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22
Q

what are 4 examples of indole hallucinogens

A
  • LSD
  • psylocybin
  • lysergic acid amide
  • bufotenin
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23
Q

what kind of hallucinogen is lysergic acid amide

A

indole

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24
Q

what kind of hallucinogen is mescaline

A

catechol

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25
Q

what kind of hallucinogen is MDMA

A

catechol

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26
Q

what kind of hallucinogen is 2C drugs

A

catechol

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27
Q

what is ergot

A

a fungus that infects rye

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28
Q

what does ergot contain

A

lysergic acid and other complex ergot alkaloids

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29
Q

what is lysergic acid relative to LSD

A

its a precursor

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30
Q

what are 2 physiological effects of some ergot alkakoids

A

potent vasoconstrictors

uterine contractions

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31
Q

what is ergotamine used for and why

A

used for migraines because its a vasoconstrictor of cerebral blood vessels

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32
Q

what is the backbone of lots of ergot alkaloids (like ergotamine)

A

lysergic acid backbone

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33
Q

what were the two forms of the ergotism that had outbreaks

A
  • one that severely constricted blood flow in limbs + made it feel like burning –> gangrene loss of limbs (vasoconstriction)
  • some caused convulsions, delirium, hallucinations
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34
Q

what was Albert Hoffman doing when he made LSD

A

using ergot alkaloids as a starting point to synthesize new respiratory and circulatory stimulant

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35
Q

what was the compound that Albert Hoffman tested and felt strange (but not LSD yet)

A

lysergic acid diethylamide

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36
Q

what are 4 clinical uses that were used for LSD

A
  • psychosis in animal model
  • cluster headaches
  • therapy (access subconscious, alcoholics)
  • end of life anxiety
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37
Q

what kind of hallucinogen are the 2C drugs

A

catechol

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38
Q

what kind of hallucinogen are mandrake

A

anticholinergics

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39
Q

what kind of hallucinogen are the PCP

A

deliriants

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40
Q

why did timothy leary start using hallucinogenic mushrooms

A

as part of a legitimate research project

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41
Q

do animals self administer LSD or other hallucinogens

A

no, they will work hard to stop that task

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42
Q

is LSD or other hallucinogens reinforcing

A

no evidence (except with deliriants)

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43
Q

how do you administer LSD or other hallucinogens

A

mostly orally

44
Q

what is the dose for LSD

A

10-300 micrograms

45
Q

what is microdosing

A

taking sub threshold doses that are supposed to increase creativity

46
Q

is LSD habit forming

A

no

47
Q

what is the abuse potential of LSD

A

very low

48
Q

what is very important to LSD especially when compared to other drugs

A

set (expectation of user) and setting (environment) can result in good or bad experience

49
Q

what do effects start happening with LSD

A

30-90 mins

50
Q

what % of the LSD gets into the brain

A

1%

51
Q

where is LSD metabolized

A

in the liver

52
Q

what is the half life of LSD

A

110 minutes

53
Q

how long can LSD last for

A

5-12

54
Q

why does LSD last longer than its half life

A

due to long association with 5HT2A receptors

55
Q

what happens to visual experience on LSD

A

get hallucinations

56
Q

what happens do your senses when on LSD

A

you get synesthesia (mingling of senses) and also visual hallucinations

57
Q

what kind of emotions do you get when on LSD

A

intense

58
Q

what 4 physiological effects of LSD and why

A

-increase BP
-vasoconstriction
-sweating
-dilated pupils
it is sympathomimetic causing autonomic response

59
Q 
why does
 -increase BP
-vasoconstriction
-sweating
-dilated pupils 
happen with LSD
A

it is sympathomimetic so it causes autonomic responses

60
Q

what is the mechanism of action of LSD

A

weak partial agonist at central 5HT2A, 5HT2B and 5HT2C receptors

61
Q

what is the primary receptor target of LSD

A

5HT2A

62
Q

where is there high levels of 5HT2A in the body

A

in the cortex

63
Q

what does activation of the 5HT2A, 5HT2B and 5HT2C receptor cause

A

gene expression in those regions, even acutely

-Linked to neuroplasticity and glutamate signalling

64
Q

what other kinds of receptors other than 5HT2A, 5HT2B and 5HT2C receptors play a role in LSD

A

dopamine receptors

65
Q

why do some drugs that bind to the 5HT2A receptors cause hallucinations while others do not?

A

the diethylamine group of LSD induces or locks the receptor into a specific shape that results in activation or a specific signalling pathway
-biased agonism

66
Q

what is biased agonism with LSD

A

LSD preferentially activates a specific signal transduction pathway via the 5HT2A receptor

67
Q

does lysergic acid cause hallucinations and why

A

weak effects because its too small for the receptor

68
Q

does ergotamine cause hallucinations and why

A

no because its too big

69
Q

does LSD cause hallucinations and why

A

yes strong because the size is just right

70
Q

is lysergic acid too big or too small to cause hallucinations

A

too small

71
Q

is ergotamine too big or too small to cause hallucinations

A

too big

72
Q

what part of LSD causes it do have the perfect shape for receptor interactions

A

diethylamide

73
Q

what pathway is 5HT2A usually coupled to

A

G protein receptors

74
Q

what G protein is activated with 5HT2A and what does that cause

A

Gq and phospholipase C activation and increased Ca++ and PKC

75
Q

what pathway is activated when LSD binds to 5HT2A

A

beta arrestin (G protein independent)

76
Q

what do arrestins cause

A

proteins that promote internalization of G protein coupled receptors and desensitize those that remain on cell surface
(desensitization and internalization)

77
Q

what pathway do non-hallucinogen compounds activate on 5HT2A

A

Gq

78
Q

what pathway do hallucinogen compounds activate on 5HT2A

A

beta arrestin

79
Q

what receptor conformation does LSD cause to 5HT2A and what does this cause

A

binds so that a “lid” closes over it so it increases binding time (Decreases ability to leave receptor)

80
Q

what contributed further towards the beta arrestin signalling pathway

A

the fact that LSD binds so a “lid” closes over it

81
Q

what kind of neurotransmitters does LSD increase the release of and where

A

glutamate from glutamatergic neurons in the cortex

82
Q

where are 5HT2 receptors in the brain region with glutamatergic neurons

A

presynaptic

83
Q

what does activation of presynaptic 5HT2 receptors in the cortex cause the release of

A

increase glutamate release

84
Q

where is there the most 5HT2 glutamate release

A

in the medial prefrontal cortex which is important for perception and information processing

85
Q

what does the medial prefrontal cortex do

A

interface between cognitive and emotional systems, where emotions and meanings of things is experienced

86
Q

what NT in the cortex is thought to be one of the major contributors to the hallucinogenic effects

A

glutamate

87
Q

what happens in chronic LSD animal studies

A

dramatic increase in GABA A receptor levels

88
Q

what is the locus coeruleus

A

a part of the fear centre, detects novelty in the environment

89
Q

what part of the brain is part of the fear centre and detects novelty in the environment

A

locus coeruleus

90
Q

how does LSD make the ordinary seem extremely novel

A

via 5HT2A receptors that increase input to the locus coeruleus

91
Q

what does LSD do to dopamine receptors and which one

A

high affinity agonist to D2 receptors

92
Q

where does LSD bind to D2

A

in the human striatum

93
Q

what can over stimulation of the DA receptors cause

A

hallucinations - but no reward

94
Q

has there been a reported death from LSD overdose

A

no

95
Q

is LSD physiologically safe

A

yes

96
Q

why can LSD be dangerous

A

if you do unsafe things while under the influence

97
Q

what is hallucinogen persisting perception disorder

A

when you get sudden and unexpected return to the drugged state

98
Q

how long do hallucinogen persisting perception disorder flashbacks last and what senses are involved

A

short, visual

99
Q

what may cause hallucinogen persisting perception disorder

A

release from body fat many

100
Q

when does hallucinogen persisting perception disorder happen the most

A

when taking other drugs or under stress, even years after last taking the drug

101
Q

does tolerance happen with LSD how fast

A

yes very quick

102
Q

if taken repeatedly, how many days does complete tolerance take to develop

A

2-3 days

103
Q

what characterizes LSD tolerance

A

5HT2 receptors rapidly dissapear

104
Q

how long does it take for LSD sensitivity to return

A

within a week

105
Q

can you become cross tolerant with LSD and mescaline and psylocybin

A

yes

106
Q

what are the LSD withdrawal symptoms like

A

none

107
Q

what are the LSD addiction symptoms like

A

none

PMCOL 305 (26 decks)

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