cocaine Flashcards
1
Q
what was the origional use of cocaine
A
as an anesthetic
2
Q
what is the abuse potential for cocaine
A
high
3
Q
what does cocaine do to mind (basic, 1 word)
A
euphoria
4
Q
what is the main source of danger from cocaine
A
the cardiovascular effects
5
Q
why does cocaine have the potential to cause damage to all organs (2)
A
lack of blood supply from vasoconstriction, increases blood clots
6
Q
which country is Canadian’s major source of cocaine
A
colombia
7
Q
how is most cocaine transported
A
in bricks of powder form
8
Q
where does cocaine come from
A
coca plant
9
Q
how do locals use the coca plant
A
they chew the leaves mixed with very basic substances to increase extraction(like lime)
10
Q
how much paste comes from 500kg of coca leaves
A
1kg (0.2%)
11
Q
how much paste comes from 5000kg of coca leaves
A
10kg (0.2%)
12
Q
how do they extract active ingredients from coca leaves
A
add kerosene or gasoline
13
Q
once the coca leaves and kerosene/gasoline are dried, what is left (and what is it made of)
A
cocaine paste, 75% cocaine but heavily contaminated with solvent
14
Q
what is cocaine hydrochloride
A
when you add HCl to the paste
15
Q
why do you want to make cocaine hydrochrolide (2)
A
because it makes it more easily transported and polar/water soluble
16
Q
why is cocaine hydrochloride more water soluble
A
because HCl adds a charge (H+) so that makes it more water soluble
17
Q
what are things that people cut cocaine with (add/ dilute to make more profit)
A
powdered milk, baby laxative, numbing anesthetics
18
Q
what is levamisole
A
anti-helminthic drug given to cattle
19
Q
what does levamisole do to the brain
A
mildly increase DA release
20
Q
what does levamisole do to human body
A
cause purple discolouration and necrosis of tissue due to vasculitis
21
Q
what is vasculitis
A
inflammation of vasculature
22
Q
what % of cocaine is estimated (By DEA) to be contaminated
A
70%
23
Q
why does levamisole make ears and tips of nose purple
A
because damages lining of vessels, RBC cant go in as easily, clots, immune response, no oxygen, tissues die (this happens a lot in extremities due to the fine vessels)
24
Q
how fast is the onset when snorting cocaine
A
3-5 mins
25
how long do cocaine effects last when snorting
30-40 mins
26
how is cocaine absorbed when snorted
mucous membranes in nose
27
what happens to the nose of chronic snorters
why
the lose cartilage seperating nostrils
vasoconstriction + acidic erosion (hydrochoric acid of cocaine hydrochloride)
28
what is cocaine called when its in the form that can be snorted
cocaine hydrochloride
29
how fast is the onset when injecting cocaine
15-30 seconds
30
how long do cocaine effects last when injecting
10-20 mins
31
what are 2 dangers if the needle goes into an artery
severe vasoconstriction and necrosis
32
how does cocaine cause vasoconstriction (2)
prevention of NA uptake and decrease NO production
33
what happens if you try to smoke cocaine hydrochloride
it wont work
34
why cant you smoke cocaine hydrochloride
it will burn before it produces vapours so it is destroyed (both cocaine and HCL have pyrolysis at 195)
35
what is pyrolysis
degradation by heat
36
what temperature does cocaine pyrolysis happen
195
37
what temperature does HCl pyrolysis happen
195
38
what do you do if you wanna smoke cocaine hydrochloride
you want to convert it into a freebase form
39
what temperature does freebase cocaine vaporize at
98 degrees C
| vaporizes before it burns
40
what are 4 steps to make freebase cocaine
- dissolve cocaine hydrochloride in water
- add base (ammonia)
- extract with ether (explosive, flammable)
- evaporate to dryness
41
what is the chemical reaction for making freebase
Coc-H+Cl- + NH3 --> Coc +NH4Cl
42
what are 2 ways to smoke cocaine
freebase and crack cocaine
43
how do you make crack cocaine (4 steps)
1-dissolve in water (low purity)
2-add baking soda (neutralize HCl)
3-heat
4-freebase will precipitate and be purified
44
is crack cocaine or freebase more pure
freebase
45
what is the chemical reaction for making crack cocaine
Coc-H+Cl- + NaCHO3 --> Coc +H2O + CO2 + NaCl
46
what is the onset effect for freebase and crack cocaine
6-10 seconds
47
what is the duration for freebase and crack cocaine
short, only a few mins
48
do people that smoke cocaine usually require repeated doses
yes
49
what is the major metabolite of cocaine
benzoylecgonine
50
what is benzoylecgonine
a major metabolite which appears within 4 hours of using cocaine
51
what is the metabolite of cocaine that is only found when taken with alcohol
cocaethylene
52
what is cocaethylene
metabolite of cocaine that is only found when taken with alcohol
53
what are 3 side effects of cocaethylene
potent vasoconstrictor, damage heart tissue
| may enhance euphoria
54
what is methylecgonidine
pyrolysis metabolite that indicates that cocaine was smoked
55
which is the pyrolysis metabolite that indicates that cocaine was smoked
methylecgonidine
56
what are the 4 main cocaine metabolites
methylecgonidine
cocaethylene
benzoylecgonine
ecgonine methylester
57
can you get psychosis from cocaine
yes
58
what does cocaine do to your energy levels
increase
59
what does cocaine do to your euphoria
increase
60
what does cocaine do to your confidence
increase
61
what does cocaine do to your sexuality
hypersexual
62
what does cocaine do to mundane tasks
makes more pleasurable
63
what is the mechanism of action of cocaine (2) (physiologically, NOT IN BRAIN)
blocks sodium channels
| stimulates sympathetic system
64
what does cocaine do to Na channels
blocks
65
what happens when Na channels are blocked by cocaine
prevents nerve conduction (no pain)
66
why can cocaine cause dysrhythmias
because blocking Na channels in the heart tissue inhibits depolarization
67
why can cocaine cause sympathetic stimulation
excess NT in synapse (DA NA A 5HT)
68
what does cocaine do to HR
increase
69
what does cocaine do to BP
increase
70
what does cocaine do to your weight
lose weight
71
what does cocaine do to sleep
insomnia
72
what does cocaine do to agitation levels
causes increase
73
what does cocaine do to DA in NAc
causes accumulation
74
what does cocaine do to transporter proteins that normally remove NTs
blocks
75
what does cocaine do to post synaptic receptors (2)
prolongs and greater stimulation
76
what are 2 important structural things in cocaine
why
the aromatic ring and amine group
| mimics groups found in NTs like DA
77
why is the the aromatic ring and amine group important for the mechanism of action of cocaine
because they mimic the same groups found in DA and other NTs
78
which transporter does cocaine bind to and where
dopamine transporter, the same site as DA
79
what happens when cocaine binds to the DA transporter
it locks the transporter into a certain conformation so that it no longer is able to function (cant cycle through open and closed states)
80
what does DAT do normally
transports DA back into the presynaptic receptor to terminate the signal
81
what happens to presynaptic uptake of DA when cocaine is there
it is blocked
82
what happens do DA in synapse with cocaine present
it remains in the synapse
83
what happens to the signal when cocaine is present
it is prolonged
84
does cocaine influence phasic bursts of cocaine
no
85
does cocaine influence basal or phasic DA release
more so tonic because it just causes a massive buildup of DA
86
what happens to DA reusability with cocaine
its not reused as efficiently - you can run out of DA after a big binge
87
what happens to DA levels in the NAc with cocaine
increased
88
besides DAT, does cocaine effects other NT transporters
yes, noradrenaline and adrenaline and serotonin transporters are blocked too
89
what happens when you try to mimic cocaine effects with drugs that exclusively block DAT
you dont get the same effects (you need NA A 5HT)
90
is dopamine entirely responsible for the effects of cocaine by itself
no, you need NA A 5HT effects too
91
how do we know that NA and A are involved with cocaine too
because of cardiovascular effects - NA=hypertension, A=tachycardia
(more levels of them due to blockade of their transporter)
92
what happens to DAT activity in chronic users
it is increased
93
why can you be depressed in absense of cocaine
because DAT is increased so less DA in cleft
94
why is there an increased risk of stroke with cocaine
increase coagulation and impaired thrombosis (clot breakdown)
95
what is thrombosis
clot breakdown
96
what happens to HR and resp. with high acute doses + WHY
respiratory and circulatory failure due to effects on medulla
97
what is rhabdomyolysis
breakdown of muscle tissue
98
how does cocaine cause hyperthermia (2)
hyperactivity + vasoconstriction
99
what can hyperthermia cause
rhabdomyolysis
100
what does rhabdomyolysis cause (1 word)
myoglobinuria
101
what does myoglobinuria cause
kidney failure
102
what is myoglobinuria
myoglobin in urine
103
who gets psychosis with cocaine
chronic users of high doses
104
what is the increase of myocardial infarction within 1st hour after cocaine use
24 fold increase
105
what % of heart attacks between 18-45 year olds is cause by cocaine
25%
106
What does cocaine do to sympathetic output
increase
107
What does cocaine do to catecholamine release
increase
108
what 4 things happen with increased sympathetic output and catecholamines
increase HR and BP
| coronary spams, vasoconstriction
109
what does increase HR and BP cause
increase O2 demand
110
what doe scoronary spams and vasoconstriction
decrease O2 supply
111
what happens with increased O2 demand and decreased O2 supply
ischemia and infarction
112
how does cocaine cause ischemia and infarction
sympathetic outflow, increase HR BP vasoconstrict/coronary spasm, more O2 demand less supply
113
what is ischemia
organ not getting enough oxygen to function
114
what is infarct
when parts of the heart dies off due to no oxygen - heart attack
115
what is withdrawal of cocaine like when compared to alcohol and sedatives
fairly mild
116
what is the most common characteristic of cocaine withdrawal
depression
117
what is "let down" from cocaine
when you feel depressed within 30 mins of cocaine use
118
what is "let down" severity linked to
dose and duration of use
119
what is the role of benzos in controlling acute symptoms
controlling agitation from acute intoxication
120
how do benzos help with acute cocaine
they decrease CNS effects and decrease NT release so that redeuces BP and HR
121
what 2 drug classes have been used to decrease acute cocaine mortality
benzos (52%) and antipsychotics (29%)
122
what is the first line of treatment for myocardial infarction
nitroglycerine
123
how does nitroglycerine work, mechanism of action
produces nitric oxide which is a vasodilator
124
how does nitroglycerine help the heart (3)
increases O2 to heart via vasodilation, reduces workload, reduces O2 consumption
125
what does cocaine do to NO production
inhibits!!!
126
how can you help treat hyperthermia with acute cocaine
cooling with ice water
127
what kind of drugs work well for decreasing the reward of cocaine
drugs that increase GABAergic activity
128
what does topirimate do
drug that enhances GABA-A receptor activity and inhibits glutamate receptor activity
129
what can topirimate do to cravings
reduce
