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PMCOL 305 > 3-addiction and brain > Flashcards

3-addiction and brain Flashcards

1
Q

what is the concept/question of abuse potential

A

are some drugs more likely to result in addiction/dependence than others?

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2
Q

what do drugs of abuse do to the reward pathway (basic)

A

artificially manipulate/”hijack” the reward pathway

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3
Q

what is reinforcement

A

a behavioural event followed by a consequent event such that the behaviour is then more likely to be repeated

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4
Q

what is a fixed ratio schedule (in studying the strength of reinforcement properties of a drug)

A

animal is required to perform behaviour a specific number of times to achieve reward

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5
Q

what is a progressive ratio schedule (in studying the strength of reinforcement properties of a drug)

A

animal is required to perform an increasing number of responses for subsequent reward

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6
Q

what strongly correlates with abuse/addiction potential of drug

A

a high strength of reinforcing property

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7
Q

what is extinction

A

reduce the drug seeking behaviour ti zero by removing the reward/drug

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8
Q

what is a good way to test how far an animal is willing to go to get the drug? (2 main things)

A

start with fixed-ratio schedule then move to progressive ratio schedule (it may have to perform the same task hundreds of times)

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9
Q

what is the reinstatement paradigm

A

the measure of vulnerability to relapse into drug abuse

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10
Q

how do they do the reinstatement paradigm in experiments (4 steps)

A
  • animals trained to self administer
  • extinguish behaviour by discontinuing drug
  • animal gives up on behaviour
  • test different stimuli to see what will cause the animal to reinstate drug seeking behaviour (even tho no drugs there)
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11
Q

what are the main things that cause reinstatement in humans (3)

A

stress
small dose of drug
drug associated cues

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12
Q

what is conditioned place-preference experiment

A

-room with specific colours is where they administer drug. then later they see if the animal will go back to that one or a neutral room

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13
Q

what does it mean if the animal prefers the drug associated chamber

A

drug is probably reinforcing

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14
Q

what does it mean if the animal prefers the neutral chamber

A

drug probably has a negative effect

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15
Q

what does it mean if the animal doesnt prefer the neutral chamber or the drug associated chamber

A

the drug probably has no effect

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16
Q

what do all strong reinforcer drugs have in common

A

all stimulate dopamine release in certain regions of the brain

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17
Q

what is in vivo microdialysis

A

implant a probe (stereotaxic surgery) in specific brain region and collect fluid to analyze its neurotransmitter levels

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18
Q

what did microdialysis dopamine measurements tell us about natural vs drug induced dopamine release

A

a lot more dopamine is released via drugs rather than naturally stimulating things

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19
Q

what does a bigger dose of drugs do to the amount of DA released in the nucleus accumbens

A

increases DA release

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20
Q

what is fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and how does it work

A

captures rapid dopamine release (in concentrations) within seconds
measures the oxidation of dopamine (loss of e) when low voltage is applied to probe

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21
Q

what is a downside to in-vivo microdialysis

A

it is slow (minutes to get info) so you may miss important info and you have to pump fluid back into the brain

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22
Q

what does quinine do to dopamine release and why

A

it is an aversive stimuli, so it decreases basal release of dopamine

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23
Q

what is electrophysiology / how does it work

A

measures the activity of neurons that are releasing dopamine by implanting electrodes to measure the change in electrical properties of neurons

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24
Q

what 2 things makes electrophysiology great

A

fast

can measure electrical response of individual neurons

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25
Q

what are the 3 techniques for measuring dopamine in the brain

A

microdialysis
fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
electrophysiology

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26
Q

what is the technical name of the reward pathways (2 and the combined name)

A

mesolimbic
mesocortical
mesocorticolimbic

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27
Q

what is the major neurotransmitter of the mesocorticolimbic pathway

A

dopamine

28
Q

why can you link the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathway into the mesocorticolimbic pathway

A

most drugs indirectly or directly stimulate components of these pathways

29
Q

what happens to drug use if you disrupt the mesolimbic pathway

A

prevents self-administration (and blocks dopamine receptors)

also causes anhedonia (no more happy)

30
Q

why cant you treat drug addicts by disrupting the mesolimbic pwahway

A

you get anhedonia (no more pleasure) and motivation loss

31
Q

where is dopamine released

A

the ventral tegmental area VTA

32
Q

where does dopamine from the ventral tegmental area release onto

A

nucleus accumbens
amygdala
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex

33
Q

what happens with increased dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

A

reward and euphoria (pleasure centre)

34
Q

what is the role of the amygdala and hippocampus

A

memory

35
Q

what is the role of the prefrontal cortex

A

higher cognitive function

36
Q

is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory

A

both, depending on what type of dopamine receptor it interacts with

37
Q

is GABA excitatory or inhibitory

A

inhibitory

38
Q

what does it mean for a neurotransmitter to be inhibitory

A

it decreases the probability of depolarization

39
Q

is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory

A

some are excitatory

some presynaptic ones are inhibitory (negative feedback system for glutamate release)

40
Q

what neurotransmitter is responsible for anticipating and receiving drugs, euphoria and behaviour reinforcement

A

Dopamine

41
Q

what is phasic dopamine release

and the average #

A

burst of DA release in response to something

midbrain dopamine neurons firing at 20/sec

42
Q

what is tonic dopamine release

and the average #

A

background/basal level of constant DA release

midbrain dopamine neurons firing at 1-5/sec

43
Q

what centres are involved in the mesolimbic pathway

A

VTA sending out to the nucleus accumbens, the amygdala and the hippocampus

44
Q

what kind of behaviours are associated to the limbic system

A

primitive emotional behaviours

45
Q

what centres are involved in the mesocortical pathway

A

VTA to the prefrontal cortex

46
Q

what parts of the brain respond to the dopamine message by sending out glutamate? And to where?

A
  • PFC, VTA, amygdala, hippocampus and PFC to nucleus accumbens
  • PFC to VTA
  • amygdala to VTA
  • hippocampus to PFC
47
Q

what are 95% of the neurons in the nucleus accumbens

A

medium spiny neurons (MSNs)

48
Q

where are the medium spiny neurons

A

ventral portion of the nucleus accumbens

49
Q

what do medium spiny neurons release when depolarized

A

GABA

50
Q

what are the 2 major divisions of medium spiny neurons?

where are they found?

A

ones with D1 and D2 receptors

on two different output paths from the nucleus accumbens

51
Q

what is the difference with D1 and D2 receptors

A

D1=excitatory

D2=inhibitory

52
Q

what does activation of D1 and D2 do

A

it usually results in increased locomotion (Even though they are 50/50, they still overall cause excitation)

53
Q

what are the cortical and dopamine afferents from that connect to the medium spiny neurons

A

cortical afferents from prefrontal cortex

dopamine afferents from the VTA

54
Q

what modulates the activity of medium spiny neurons

A

dopamine, glutamate and other neurotransmitters

55
Q

what part of the brain become most activated in the presence of drug associated cues

A

amygdala and hippocampus

56
Q

what parts of the brain seem to be a major component of craving

A

amygdala and hippocampus due to memories of drug - fires up the whole reward pathway

57
Q

how can you reinstate drug-taking behaviour in animals even after extinction

A

by stimulating the hippocampus

58
Q

what neurotransmitter(s) are involved with acute drug effects

A

dopamine

59
Q

what neurotransmitter(s) are involved with chronic drug effects

A

glutamate and dopamine

60
Q

what happens with acute drug taking to the nucleus accumbens

A

flooded with dopamine, gives euphoria and reinforces drug taking behaviour

61
Q

what happens with acute drug taking to the hippocampus and amygdala

A

memory centres create a strong emotional memory(overlearning), may be responsible for craving and relapse

62
Q

what is overlearning

A

learning abnormality caused by drugs-so much dopamine that these memories are deeply engrained and have priority over other important memories - minor cues can trigger these major drug memories

63
Q

what does chronic drug use do to glutamate signalling

A

changes the strength of glu signalling between pathways,

64
Q

how is the PFC effected from chronic drug use (neurotransmitters)

A

abnormal glutamate and dopamine signalling causes a loss of behavioural control and decision making

65
Q

in what way has glutamate signalling become altered (where)

A

signalling from PFC, amygdala and hippocampus to the nucleus accumbens

PMCOL 305 (26 decks)

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