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PMCOL 305 > cannabis 1 > Flashcards

cannabis 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary effect of cannabis and how does it happen

A

inhibits NT release by hijacking the body’s endocannabinoid system

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2
Q

what is a broad term for the unique chemicals in cannabis plants

A

cannabinoids

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3
Q

what are the 2 main types of cannabis plants

A

sativa and indica

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4
Q

what is the THC content of sativa

A

medium

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5
Q

what is the THC content of indica

A

high

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6
Q

does sativa or indica have more THC content

A

indica

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7
Q

what kind of high does sativa give

A

the cerebral energetic high, more creative and outgoing

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8
Q

what kind of high does indica give

A

the body stone and cough lock, lazy

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9
Q

which cannabis plant has the strong skunky smell

A

indica

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10
Q

which cannabis plant has a higher cannabidiol content

A

sativa

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11
Q

what kind of solubility do cannabinoids have

A

lipid soluble

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12
Q

what are terpenes found

A

in cannabis plants (and other things too)

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13
Q

what gives cannabis the distinctive smell

A

terpenes

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14
Q

what do terpenes to do weed smoking experience (2 things +1 on how it works)

A

contributes to the overall experience (doesnt directly produce a high)
-they may have their own unique pharmacological properties

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15
Q

what is our understanding of where and how THC acts on the body

A

good

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16
Q

what is our understanding of where and how CBD acts on the body

A

poor

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17
Q

are there any medical useful effects of THC

A

ya there may be some

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18
Q

what are 2 bad things that THC can do (generally)

A

cognitive impairment

risk of psychiatric issues with acute and chronic use

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19
Q

what are 2 good effects of CBD

A

anti psychotic and anti anxiety

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20
Q

what are the psychiatric issues that CBD can cause

A

none

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21
Q

are there any medical useful effects of CBD

A

yes more than THC

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22
Q

what does CBD do to THC (generally)

A

opposes some of the THC effects (CBD is anti psychotic and anti anxiety)

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23
Q

what is the % of total weight of a THC rich recreational marijuana (spectrum)

A

20-30%

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24
Q

what is the % of total weight of a CBD rich medicinal marijuana (spectrum)

A

15-20%

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25
Q

is THC or CBD typically higher in recreational marijuana

A

THC

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26
Q

what is the THC to CBD % weight in a balanced weed blend

A

10% / 10% is good

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27
Q

why do female cannabis plants produce and why

A

sticky resin to trap pollen from males

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28
Q

where is the most and least resin found in cannabis plants (3 locations)

A

most in tops flowering, less in leaves, little in stalks

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29
Q

what are thrichromes

A

glandular hair-like structures that contain resin

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30
Q

do male or female plants produce THC

A

females

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31
Q

what part of the plant is used to make marijuanna

A

dried leaves and flowers

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32
Q

with basic cultivation methods, what is the THC % range in marijuana

A

2-8%

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33
Q

with more sophistical cultivation methods(hydroponics), what is the THC % range in marijuana

A

20%q

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34
Q

what is sinsemilla

A

marijuana from seedless unpollinated plants

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35
Q

what is special about sinsemilla

A

more energy goes into resin/cannabinoids

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36
Q

what is the [THC] range for sinsemilla

A

7-20%

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37
Q

what is skunk

A

a hybrid with high THC like sinsemilla (7-20

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38
Q

what is special about skunk

A

strong smell

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39
Q

what is a downside to skunk and why

A

it has a high THC to CBD ratio so more psychosis

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40
Q

what is hasish / what is it made out of

A

concentrated resin from trichroms

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41
Q

what can the THC % be in hashish

A

very low to up to 70%

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42
Q

what are butane hash oils made

A

butane is a solvent to extract active ingredients from cannabis plant (pour butane into weed clippings then flame to remove oil)

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43
Q

what is the most desirable form of butane hash oils and why

A

shatter because it is the most pure

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44
Q

what products do you use to dab

A

butane hash oils

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45
Q

what can be the THC content in dadbbing

A

80%

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46
Q

why can dabbing be seen as a cleaner way to use cannabis

A

because it is not combusted

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47
Q

why are butane hash oils dangerous (production)

A

because you use highly flammable gas

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48
Q

what kind of weed smoking business is linked to the most physiological dependence

A

butane hash oils

49
Q

what can butane hash oils do mentally

A

more psychosis due to higher THC content

50
Q

how quick does THC enter the brain when smoked

A

10 seconds

51
Q

when are peak effects of smoked THC felt

A

5-10mins

52
Q

how long does it take for most THC to leave the brain

A

30mins

53
Q

is depth or duration of inhalation more important for THC absorption

A

depth (no change in how long you hold your breath)

54
Q

what is the limit for impaired driving and THC

A

2.5ng/ml

55
Q

is there variability in THC absorption between people, explain

A

yes, there is a high variability on blood levels even with the same amount (also variation with smoking technique)

56
Q

how good is THC absorbed when taken orally

A

poor

57
Q

why is there poor absorption of THC taken orally

A

because it is very lipophilic and may not penetrate thin layer of liquid surrounding cells that line the GI (too lipophilic to absorb)

58
Q

what can you add to baked good with THC to make it more easily absorbed

A

add more oil

59
Q

do you need a higher dose of smoking or eating THC to get the same amount

A

higher dose of eating to get same results as smoking

60
Q

does the eating or smoking of THC have effects that last longer

A

longer lasting effects when oral

61
Q

what is the primary active metabolites of THC

A

11-OH-delta-9-THC (11-OH THC)

62
Q

what kind of route of administration gives you the most 11-OH THC

A

taken orally

63
Q

why can there be a higher change of overdose when taken orally

A

because delayed onset of effects can be up to 90mins

64
Q

what is the half life of THC

A

19 hours

65
Q

what is the half life of THC metabolites (11-OH THC)

A

can be 50 hours or more

66
Q

is 11-OH THC psychoactive

A

yes

67
Q

where does most THC metabolism occur

A

in liver and lungs

68
Q

what are 5 psychological effects of THC

A

hilarity, euphoria, well-being, joyful, mellow

69
Q

what does THC do to mundane thoughts

A

make them seem more significant

70
Q

what happens with THC to tasks requiring attention and vigilance

A

there is a deficit in those abilities to do those tasts

71
Q

what happens to short term memory with THC and how

A

disrupts the train of through due to inhibition of ACh release in hippocampus

72
Q

which kind of users get the most pronounced cognitive effects

A

infrequent users

73
Q

what happens do heart rate with THC and why

A

it increases as sympathetic tone increases

74
Q

what does THC tolerance do to long term heart rate

A

can cause bradycardia

75
Q

what happens to parasympathetic tone with THC

A

it is decreased

76
Q

what happens to sympathetic tone with THC

A

increased

77
Q

what happens to BP with THC in acute use

A

increase

78
Q

what happens to BP with chronic users of THC

A

they may have low BP (resting I think, like no THC)

79
Q

why do eyes get red with THC

A

dilate small blood vessels

80
Q

what happens to muscles with THC use

A

relaxes

81
Q

what happens to hunger with THC use

A

increased

82
Q

what happens to eye fluid pressure with THC use

A

decreased

83
Q

what happens to pain with THC use

and why

A

Analgesia because of CB1 receptors in periaquaductal grey matter (brain regions involved in pain pathways)

84
Q

what happens to myelination with THC use

A

it may enhance remyelination in periphery (not CNS)

85
Q

what is the role of the endocannabinoid system

A

modulates NT release

86
Q

what are 4 things that the endocannabinoid system is involved in

A

pain, hunger, learning, memory

87
Q

what kind of neurotransmission happens in the endocannabinoid system

A

retrograde

88
Q

what is retrograde neurotransmission

A

endocannabinoids travel from post-synaptic cells to bind to receptors on presynaptic terminals

89
Q

what are 2 examples of endocannabinoids

A

anandamide and 2-arachidoyl glycerol

AEA and 2-AG

90
Q

what kind of molecules are anandamide and 2-arachidoyl glycerol
(AEA and 2-AG)

A

endocannabinoids

91
Q

how are anandamide and 2-arachidoyl glycerol

(AEA and 2-AG) synthesized

A

from membrane phospholipids

92
Q

what kind of G proteins are cannabinoid receptors linked to

A

Gi

93
Q

what are 2 things that Gi do

A

inhibit adenylate cyclase to decrease cAMP levels

94
Q

what are 2 effects of Gi on ion channels

A

inhibits Ca++ influx and stimulates K+ flow outwards

95
Q

what is the net effect of cannabinoid receptor activation on NT release

A

inhibition of NT release

96
Q

what is one of the most common receptors in the CNS

A

cannabinoid receptors

97
Q

where are most CB1 receptors (where in body and where in synapse)

A

CNS, presynaptic

98
Q

where are most CB2 receptors (where in body)

A

primarily outside CNS

99
Q

what is maybe the role of CB2 receptors

A

immunomodulatory

100
Q

what is rimonabant

A

CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist

101
Q

what was the role of rimonabant in drug trials

A

anti-obesity

102
Q

does CBD bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors

A

not at all or very weakly

103
Q

where does CBD bind

A

at multiple different receptors, “promiscuous”

104
Q

what does CBD do to CB1 receptors at high doses

A

indirectly antagonize

105
Q

what are TRP (+what does it stand for)

A

transient receptor potential, cation channels

106
Q

what does CBD do to TRPV channels

A

agonist

107
Q

where are TRPV channels

A

in pain sensing neurons

108
Q

what happens when CBD activates TRPV channels

A

activate and desensitize them to prevent signalling of the neurons (to reduce pain signalling)

109
Q

how does CBD reduce pain signalling

A

CBD is an agonist at TRPV channels in pain-sensing neurons, so they activate and desensitize them to prevent signalling

110
Q

what does CBD do to 5HT1A

A

agonist

111
Q

what does 5HT1A agonism by CBD do

A

reduce NT release

112
Q

what does CBD do to 5HT3

A

antagonist

113
Q

what does 5HT3 antagonism by CBD do

A

reduce nausea

114
Q

can CBD reduce seizures and how

A

yes but its not known

115
Q

what happens to DA release in NAc (% wise) with weed use

A

a 136% increase

116
Q

what causes DA release with weed use

A

inhibition of GABA release in the VTA

117
Q

why/how can weed be linked to schizophrenia

A

because excess DA is thought to cause schizo and THC can increase DA release

118
Q

why did a study show no increase in DA with THC use

A

because it was orally administered

PMCOL 305 (26 decks)

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