cannabis 1 Flashcards
what is the primary effect of cannabis and how does it happen
inhibits NT release by hijacking the body’s endocannabinoid system
what is a broad term for the unique chemicals in cannabis plants
cannabinoids
what are the 2 main types of cannabis plants
sativa and indica
what is the THC content of sativa
medium
what is the THC content of indica
high
does sativa or indica have more THC content
indica
what kind of high does sativa give
the cerebral energetic high, more creative and outgoing
what kind of high does indica give
the body stone and cough lock, lazy
which cannabis plant has the strong skunky smell
indica
which cannabis plant has a higher cannabidiol content
sativa
what kind of solubility do cannabinoids have
lipid soluble
what are terpenes found
in cannabis plants (and other things too)
what gives cannabis the distinctive smell
terpenes
what do terpenes to do weed smoking experience (2 things +1 on how it works)
contributes to the overall experience (doesnt directly produce a high)
-they may have their own unique pharmacological properties
what is our understanding of where and how THC acts on the body
good
what is our understanding of where and how CBD acts on the body
poor
are there any medical useful effects of THC
ya there may be some
what are 2 bad things that THC can do (generally)
cognitive impairment
risk of psychiatric issues with acute and chronic use
what are 2 good effects of CBD
anti psychotic and anti anxiety
what are the psychiatric issues that CBD can cause
none
are there any medical useful effects of CBD
yes more than THC
what does CBD do to THC (generally)
opposes some of the THC effects (CBD is anti psychotic and anti anxiety)
what is the % of total weight of a THC rich recreational marijuana (spectrum)
20-30%
what is the % of total weight of a CBD rich medicinal marijuana (spectrum)
15-20%
is THC or CBD typically higher in recreational marijuana
THC
what is the THC to CBD % weight in a balanced weed blend
10% / 10% is good
why do female cannabis plants produce and why
sticky resin to trap pollen from males
where is the most and least resin found in cannabis plants (3 locations)
most in tops flowering, less in leaves, little in stalks
what are thrichromes
glandular hair-like structures that contain resin
do male or female plants produce THC
females
what part of the plant is used to make marijuanna
dried leaves and flowers
with basic cultivation methods, what is the THC % range in marijuana
2-8%
with more sophistical cultivation methods(hydroponics), what is the THC % range in marijuana
20%q
what is sinsemilla
marijuana from seedless unpollinated plants
what is special about sinsemilla
more energy goes into resin/cannabinoids
what is the [THC] range for sinsemilla
7-20%
what is skunk
a hybrid with high THC like sinsemilla (7-20
what is special about skunk
strong smell
what is a downside to skunk and why
it has a high THC to CBD ratio so more psychosis
what is hasish / what is it made out of
concentrated resin from trichroms
what can the THC % be in hashish
very low to up to 70%
what are butane hash oils made
butane is a solvent to extract active ingredients from cannabis plant (pour butane into weed clippings then flame to remove oil)
what is the most desirable form of butane hash oils and why
shatter because it is the most pure
what products do you use to dab
butane hash oils
what can be the THC content in dadbbing
80%
why can dabbing be seen as a cleaner way to use cannabis
because it is not combusted
why are butane hash oils dangerous (production)
because you use highly flammable gas
what kind of weed smoking business is linked to the most physiological dependence
butane hash oils
what can butane hash oils do mentally
more psychosis due to higher THC content
how quick does THC enter the brain when smoked
10 seconds
when are peak effects of smoked THC felt
5-10mins
how long does it take for most THC to leave the brain
30mins
is depth or duration of inhalation more important for THC absorption
depth (no change in how long you hold your breath)
what is the limit for impaired driving and THC
2.5ng/ml
is there variability in THC absorption between people, explain
yes, there is a high variability on blood levels even with the same amount (also variation with smoking technique)
how good is THC absorbed when taken orally
poor
why is there poor absorption of THC taken orally
because it is very lipophilic and may not penetrate thin layer of liquid surrounding cells that line the GI (too lipophilic to absorb)
what can you add to baked good with THC to make it more easily absorbed
add more oil
do you need a higher dose of smoking or eating THC to get the same amount
higher dose of eating to get same results as smoking
does the eating or smoking of THC have effects that last longer
longer lasting effects when oral
what is the primary active metabolites of THC
11-OH-delta-9-THC (11-OH THC)
what kind of route of administration gives you the most 11-OH THC
taken orally
why can there be a higher change of overdose when taken orally
because delayed onset of effects can be up to 90mins
what is the half life of THC
19 hours
what is the half life of THC metabolites (11-OH THC)
can be 50 hours or more
is 11-OH THC psychoactive
yes
where does most THC metabolism occur
in liver and lungs
what are 5 psychological effects of THC
hilarity, euphoria, well-being, joyful, mellow
what does THC do to mundane thoughts
make them seem more significant
what happens with THC to tasks requiring attention and vigilance
there is a deficit in those abilities to do those tasts
what happens to short term memory with THC and how
disrupts the train of through due to inhibition of ACh release in hippocampus
which kind of users get the most pronounced cognitive effects
infrequent users
what happens do heart rate with THC and why
it increases as sympathetic tone increases
what does THC tolerance do to long term heart rate
can cause bradycardia
what happens to parasympathetic tone with THC
it is decreased
what happens to sympathetic tone with THC
increased
what happens to BP with THC in acute use
increase
what happens to BP with chronic users of THC
they may have low BP (resting I think, like no THC)
why do eyes get red with THC
dilate small blood vessels
what happens to muscles with THC use
relaxes
what happens to hunger with THC use
increased
what happens to eye fluid pressure with THC use
decreased
what happens to pain with THC use
and why
Analgesia because of CB1 receptors in periaquaductal grey matter (brain regions involved in pain pathways)
what happens to myelination with THC use
it may enhance remyelination in periphery (not CNS)
what is the role of the endocannabinoid system
modulates NT release
what are 4 things that the endocannabinoid system is involved in
pain, hunger, learning, memory
what kind of neurotransmission happens in the endocannabinoid system
retrograde
what is retrograde neurotransmission
endocannabinoids travel from post-synaptic cells to bind to receptors on presynaptic terminals
what are 2 examples of endocannabinoids
anandamide and 2-arachidoyl glycerol
AEA and 2-AG
what kind of molecules are anandamide and 2-arachidoyl glycerol
(AEA and 2-AG)
endocannabinoids
how are anandamide and 2-arachidoyl glycerol
(AEA and 2-AG) synthesized
from membrane phospholipids
what kind of G proteins are cannabinoid receptors linked to
Gi
what are 2 things that Gi do
inhibit adenylate cyclase to decrease cAMP levels
what are 2 effects of Gi on ion channels
inhibits Ca++ influx and stimulates K+ flow outwards
what is the net effect of cannabinoid receptor activation on NT release
inhibition of NT release
what is one of the most common receptors in the CNS
cannabinoid receptors
where are most CB1 receptors (where in body and where in synapse)
CNS, presynaptic
where are most CB2 receptors (where in body)
primarily outside CNS
what is maybe the role of CB2 receptors
immunomodulatory
what is rimonabant
CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist
what was the role of rimonabant in drug trials
anti-obesity
does CBD bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors
not at all or very weakly
where does CBD bind
at multiple different receptors, “promiscuous”
what does CBD do to CB1 receptors at high doses
indirectly antagonize
what are TRP (+what does it stand for)
transient receptor potential, cation channels
what does CBD do to TRPV channels
agonist
where are TRPV channels
in pain sensing neurons
what happens when CBD activates TRPV channels
activate and desensitize them to prevent signalling of the neurons (to reduce pain signalling)
how does CBD reduce pain signalling
CBD is an agonist at TRPV channels in pain-sensing neurons, so they activate and desensitize them to prevent signalling
what does CBD do to 5HT1A
agonist
what does 5HT1A agonism by CBD do
reduce NT release
what does CBD do to 5HT3
antagonist
what does 5HT3 antagonism by CBD do
reduce nausea
can CBD reduce seizures and how
yes but its not known
what happens to DA release in NAc (% wise) with weed use
a 136% increase
what causes DA release with weed use
inhibition of GABA release in the VTA
why/how can weed be linked to schizophrenia
because excess DA is thought to cause schizo and THC can increase DA release
why did a study show no increase in DA with THC use
because it was orally administered
