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PMCOL 305 > nicotine 1 > Flashcards

nicotine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

which receptors does nicotine bind/activate

A

nicotinic acetylcholine

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2
Q

is nicotine relaxing or stimulating

A

either or, depending on environment or mood (bored - excite or relax - stressed)

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3
Q

can you get euphoria from cigarettes

A

the first of the day

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4
Q

what % of men smoke globally

A

47%

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5
Q

what % of women smoke globally

A

12%

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6
Q

how many cigarettes consumed/day globally

A

15 billion

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7
Q

how many deaths a year are linked to tobacco (and %)

A

5.4 million, 9%

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8
Q

is there an increase or decrease in smoking in industrialized nations

A

decrease

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9
Q

is there an increase or decrease in smoking in developing nations

A

increase

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10
Q

what percent of all smokers in 2020 will be in developing countries

A

85%

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11
Q

what % of canadian population smokes

A

19%

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12
Q

what is contained in tobacco from the plant

A

nicotine and carotenoids (naturally occuring chemicals)

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13
Q

how many compounds are added to tobacco during tobacco processing

A

599

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14
Q

how are compounds produced during process

A

large molecules broken down

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15
Q

how many new chemicals are created by burning tobacco (like the combustion products)

A

4000

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16
Q

what is nicotine (and why is it found naturally in plants)

A

addictive substance even though it is a neurotoxin used by plant to kill insects

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17
Q

what are particulates

A

combustion products, tar

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18
Q

how much particulate matter are in a cigarette that get exposed to lungs

A

10-40mg per cig

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19
Q

how much tar per day is deposited in heavy smokers

A

1g

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20
Q

where does the maximal lung damage happen from smoking

A

closest to tar deposits

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21
Q

what makes tar so bad (what compounds in tar)

A

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines

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22
Q

per gram of tar, how many reactive species come from tar deposits

A

1016-1017 (ROS and RNS)

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23
Q

what are the ROS and RNS like from smoke (2 properties)

A

high density and relatively stable

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24
Q

what is an example of one of the reactive nitrogen species and whats so special about it

A

nitric oxide and it is relatively stable

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25
Q

what does nitric oxide do to the body

A

in excess it can react with other radicals to damage cell membranes - key mediator of lung injury

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26
Q

which ROS or NOS is a key mediator of lung injudry

A

nitric oxide

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27
Q

what is theobromine and its effect (why is it added)

A

a bronchodilator to maximize nicotine delivery

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28
Q

what is glycyrrhizin and its effect (why is it added)

A

a bronchodilator to maximize nicotine delivery

comes from licorice

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29
Q

what is bad about added sugar in cigarettes

A

they get converted into acrolein when burned (modifies DNA and proteins)

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30
Q

what is acrolein

A

extremely harmful chemical from burnt sugar which modifies DNA and protein

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31
Q

what can sugars turn into when burned (2 things)

A

acetaldehyde and acrolein

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32
Q

what does acetaldehyde do to nicotine administration and to whom

A

increases (triples) self administration (if given at low levels, lower than alcohol)

only in YOUNG rats

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33
Q

why would acetaldehyde increase nicotine self adminstration

A

it may inhibit monoamine oxidases and boost NT levels

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34
Q

what is the role of menthol in cigarettes (general)

A

counter irritant

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35
Q

how does acrolein cause irritation (mechanism)

A

TRPA1 (transient receptor potential A1) irritant receptor in airways (ca permeable)

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36
Q

what does TRPA1 allow to flow through when activated

A

ca

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37
Q

what triggers the coughing reflex in humans

A

acrolein targeting the TRPA1 receptor

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38
Q

how does menthol stop irritation of lungs / coughing

A

interacts with TRPA1 receptor and inhibits activation by acrolein and other irritants

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39
Q

what causes the cooling effect from menthol (which receptor is activation)

A

TRPM8

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40
Q

what can unintentional additives come from (general 3)

A

growing handling and processing

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41
Q

what are some examples of unintentional additives

A

conveyor belt fragments, insect parts, pesticide, herbicide, heavy metals, bacterial and mold toxins, radioactive elements from soil

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42
Q

do nicotine plants accumulate radioactive elements well

A

yes

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43
Q

what is apatite

A

a mineral often used in fertilization

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44
Q

what does apatite do

A

fertilizer to starve plants of nitrogen

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45
Q

why do nicotine plant growers use apatite

A

starting the plants from nitrogen can help create a flavour

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46
Q

what is a negative thing about apatite

A

contains radium and radioactive isotopes of lead and polonium

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47
Q

how do electronic cigs work (mechanically)

A

battery power atomizer heats up and vaporizes nicotine containing liquid

48
Q

what is one of the main concerning compounds from e cigs

A

propylene glycol

49
Q

what is the role of propylene glycol

A

dissolves nicotine in it in e cigs

50
Q

what are 3 bad compounds found in e cigs

A

nitrosamines and propylene glycol

diacetyl

51
Q

what do nitrosamines do

A

DNA modifications

52
Q

what compounds causes popcorn lung

A

diacetyl

53
Q

what does diacetyl do

A

popcorn lung- whole pockets of dead obliterated tisue

54
Q

how do the amount of free radicals from e cigs compare to those in normal cigs

A

1/100 of what is found in real cig smoke

55
Q

what does ecig smoke do to lungs (2 physical things!)

A

increases membrane lipid damage (peroxidation)

macrophage infiltration into lungs (like with tobacco smoke)

56
Q

how did scientists test the effects of e cig smoke on immunity (what general experiment)

A

2 weeks of exposure to smoke, then exposed to different levels of influenza virus

57
Q

out of the 4 groups, rank them based on survivability (most to least) (exposure to e cig smoke)

no cig + high virus
no cig + low virus
cig + high virus
cig + low virus

A

no cig + low virus
cig + low virus
no cig + high virus
cig + high virus

58
Q

why can e cigs be good for quitting (2)

A

because they have the same behavioural aspects of cigarette use like the “throat catch”
they can help comtrol cravings

59
Q

what do lots of people in the medical field think about e cig availability

A

they should be tighly regulated and not available OTC until there is more evidence on safety

60
Q

what is in hooka

A

shisha (tobacco base with added ingredients) wieh water pipes

61
Q

what is shisha

A

tobacco base with added ingredients

62
Q

how is the hookah smoke not hot

A

it is cooled as it passes through piped in water

63
Q

how does tobacco shisha compare to cigarette tobacco in carbon monoxide

A

shisha makes 11 times more CO than in cigarette

64
Q

how does tobacco shisha compare to cigarette tobacco in carcinogen levels

A

same or higher

65
Q

what does hooka do to BP

A

raise

66
Q

what does hooka do to HR

A

raise

67
Q

can hooka affect lungs long term

A

yes it can cause lung disease and cancer

68
Q

can hooka affect mouths long term

A

yes it can cause oral cancer

69
Q

does water remove irritants from hooka

A

some of them

70
Q

is the shisha nicotine burned in hooka

A

no just really high heat

71
Q

what is the average smoking time with cigarettes + number of puffs + inhaled smoke per puff

A

5-7 mins, 8-12 puffs, 0.5-0.6L

72
Q

what is the average smoking time with hookah + number of puffs + inhaled smoke per puff

A

28-80 mins, 50-200 puffs, 0.15 L

73
Q

where does nicotine bind on receptor relative to ACh

A

same site

74
Q

at which pH ranges is nicotine charged

A

at low pH (positive_

75
Q

does nicotine cause cancer

A

no but it may enhance growth

76
Q

if nicotine doesnt cause cancer, how do cigs give you cancer

A

tar, CO, metals, hydrocarbons etc

77
Q

what is the protonation state of nicotine at low ph

A

mostly diprotonated

78
Q

what is the protonation state of nicotine at mid ph

A

monoprotonated

79
Q

what is the protonation state of nicotine at high ph

A

nonprotonated / free-base

80
Q

what does free-base form of nicotine mean / when does it happen

A

nonprotonated, most at high pH

81
Q

does the diprotonated form of nicotine happen when smoking

A

no

82
Q

which form of nicotine is the most volatine

A

free base / non protonated

83
Q

why is the free base / non protonated state most easily absorbed

A

it is volatile so more easily released from tobacco and increases ease of absorption

84
Q

what form of nicotine is linked with highest rates of adoption

A

free base / non protonated

85
Q

what happens to free base / non protonated nicotine once its in the blood

A

converted to monoprotonated

86
Q

how much nicotine on the tongue would kill an adult

A

60mg

87
Q

how much nicotine in 1 cigarette

A

0.5-2mg

88
Q

what is pyrolysis of nicotine

A

when nicotine gets destroyed due to burning

89
Q

why do smokers only get a fraction of nicotine from cigs (3)

A

because of sidestream smoke, pyrolysis and filter

90
Q

do most smokers smoke the same way

A

yes

91
Q

how many puffs per min in the average smoker

A

1-2

92
Q

how long does each puff take in the average smoker

A

2s

93
Q

what is the ug/kg of weight that is optimal for brain stimulation

A

1-2ug/kg

94
Q

how many puffs do you have if you smoke a pack a day

A

100-200 puffs

95
Q

when do nicotine levels in body peak

A

at the end of the smoking day

96
Q

why is the first smoke of the day the best

A

because receptors resensitize overnight

97
Q

what causes drug accumulation throughout the day

A

because more smoking throughout the day causes accumulation (new drug added before previous drug is removed)

98
Q

which receptor is most tied to the effects of nicotine/ most quickly saturated

A

alpha4beta2

99
Q

how did they find out that it was the alpha4beta2 receptor which were most saturated with nicotine

A

they did tracer binding before and after. after it couldnt bind anymore because nicotine already occupies the same site

100
Q

how many puffs are required to sufficiently occupy 50% of alpha4beta2 receptors

A

1-2

101
Q

how much % alpha4beta2 receptors are occupied with 1 cigarette

A

80%

102
Q

how does the relapse rate compare with people taking nicotine replacement therapy to quit

A

honestly no improvement in relapse compared to quitting without NRT

103
Q

why doesnt nicotine replacement therapy work very well

A

things like the gum, patch, nasal spray, dont give the same peak height in concentration

104
Q

what 3 things metabolize nicotine

A

monooxygenases and CYP2A6 and aldehyde oxidase

105
Q

what does CYP2A6 turn nicotine into

A

cotinine

106
Q

what is the half life of nicotine

A

2hrs

107
Q

what is the half life of cotinine

A

16 hours

108
Q

what % of nicotine is turned into cotinine

A

80%

109
Q

what % of nicotine is turned into nicotine-1’ - N oxide

A

4-7%

110
Q

what does monooxygenases turn nicotine into

A

nicotine-1’ - N oxide

111
Q

what happens with a mutation in CYP2A6

A

slows metabolism, so less tobacco use

112
Q

what does CYP2A6 do to ease of quitting

A

makes it easier because less metabolism and high nic levels are aversive

113
Q

what is structurally different with nicotine and cotinine

A

cotinine has a ketone which makes it more soluble and willing to be excreted

114
Q

which 2 things can induce enzymes to break down nicotine

A

nicotine and tar

115
Q

what may play a role in nicotine tolerance

A

the enzymes that break it down

116
Q

what is a good way to test for direct and second hand smoking

A

test for cotinine

PMCOL 305 (26 decks)

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