nicotine 1 Flashcards
1
Q
which receptors does nicotine bind/activate
A
nicotinic acetylcholine
2
Q
is nicotine relaxing or stimulating
A
either or, depending on environment or mood (bored - excite or relax - stressed)
3
Q
can you get euphoria from cigarettes
A
the first of the day
4
Q
what % of men smoke globally
A
47%
5
Q
what % of women smoke globally
A
12%
6
Q
how many cigarettes consumed/day globally
A
15 billion
7
Q
how many deaths a year are linked to tobacco (and %)
A
5.4 million, 9%
8
Q
is there an increase or decrease in smoking in industrialized nations
A
decrease
9
Q
is there an increase or decrease in smoking in developing nations
A
increase
10
Q
what percent of all smokers in 2020 will be in developing countries
A
85%
11
Q
what % of canadian population smokes
A
19%
12
Q
what is contained in tobacco from the plant
A
nicotine and carotenoids (naturally occuring chemicals)
13
Q
how many compounds are added to tobacco during tobacco processing
A
599
14
Q
how are compounds produced during process
A
large molecules broken down
15
Q
how many new chemicals are created by burning tobacco (like the combustion products)
A
4000
16
Q
what is nicotine (and why is it found naturally in plants)
A
addictive substance even though it is a neurotoxin used by plant to kill insects
17
Q
what are particulates
A
combustion products, tar
18
Q
how much particulate matter are in a cigarette that get exposed to lungs
A
10-40mg per cig
19
Q
how much tar per day is deposited in heavy smokers
A
1g
20
Q
where does the maximal lung damage happen from smoking
A
closest to tar deposits
21
Q
what makes tar so bad (what compounds in tar)
A
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines
22
Q
per gram of tar, how many reactive species come from tar deposits
A
1016-1017 (ROS and RNS)
23
Q
what are the ROS and RNS like from smoke (2 properties)
A
high density and relatively stable
24
Q
what is an example of one of the reactive nitrogen species and whats so special about it
A
nitric oxide and it is relatively stable
25
what does nitric oxide do to the body
in excess it can react with other radicals to damage cell membranes - key mediator of lung injury
26
which ROS or NOS is a key mediator of lung injudry
nitric oxide
27
what is theobromine and its effect (why is it added)
a bronchodilator to maximize nicotine delivery
28
what is glycyrrhizin and its effect (why is it added)
a bronchodilator to maximize nicotine delivery
| comes from licorice
29
what is bad about added sugar in cigarettes
they get converted into acrolein when burned (modifies DNA and proteins)
30
what is acrolein
extremely harmful chemical from burnt sugar which modifies DNA and protein
31
what can sugars turn into when burned (2 things)
acetaldehyde and acrolein
32
what does acetaldehyde do to nicotine administration and to whom
increases (triples) self administration (if given at low levels, lower than alcohol)
only in YOUNG rats
33
why would acetaldehyde increase nicotine self adminstration
it may inhibit monoamine oxidases and boost NT levels
34
what is the role of menthol in cigarettes (general)
counter irritant
35
how does acrolein cause irritation (mechanism)
TRPA1 (transient receptor potential A1) irritant receptor in airways (ca permeable)
36
what does TRPA1 allow to flow through when activated
ca
37
what triggers the coughing reflex in humans
acrolein targeting the TRPA1 receptor
38
how does menthol stop irritation of lungs / coughing
interacts with TRPA1 receptor and inhibits activation by acrolein and other irritants
39
what causes the cooling effect from menthol (which receptor is activation)
TRPM8
40
what can unintentional additives come from (general 3)
growing handling and processing
41
what are some examples of unintentional additives
conveyor belt fragments, insect parts, pesticide, herbicide, heavy metals, bacterial and mold toxins, radioactive elements from soil
42
do nicotine plants accumulate radioactive elements well
yes
43
what is apatite
a mineral often used in fertilization
44
what does apatite do
fertilizer to starve plants of nitrogen
45
why do nicotine plant growers use apatite
starting the plants from nitrogen can help create a flavour
46
what is a negative thing about apatite
contains radium and radioactive isotopes of lead and polonium
47
how do electronic cigs work (mechanically)
battery power atomizer heats up and vaporizes nicotine containing liquid
48
what is one of the main concerning compounds from e cigs
propylene glycol
49
what is the role of propylene glycol
dissolves nicotine in it in e cigs
50
what are 3 bad compounds found in e cigs
nitrosamines and propylene glycol
| diacetyl
51
what do nitrosamines do
DNA modifications
52
what compounds causes popcorn lung
diacetyl
53
what does diacetyl do
popcorn lung- whole pockets of dead obliterated tisue
54
how do the amount of free radicals from e cigs compare to those in normal cigs
1/100 of what is found in real cig smoke
55
what does ecig smoke do to lungs (2 physical things!)
increases membrane lipid damage (peroxidation)
macrophage infiltration into lungs (like with tobacco smoke)
56
how did scientists test the effects of e cig smoke on immunity (what general experiment)
2 weeks of exposure to smoke, then exposed to different levels of influenza virus
57
out of the 4 groups, rank them based on survivability (most to least) (exposure to e cig smoke)
no cig + high virus
no cig + low virus
cig + high virus
cig + low virus
no cig + low virus
cig + low virus
no cig + high virus
cig + high virus
58
why can e cigs be good for quitting (2)
because they have the same behavioural aspects of cigarette use like the "throat catch"
they can help comtrol cravings
59
what do lots of people in the medical field think about e cig availability
they should be tighly regulated and not available OTC until there is more evidence on safety
60
what is in hooka
shisha (tobacco base with added ingredients) wieh water pipes
61
what is shisha
tobacco base with added ingredients
62
how is the hookah smoke not hot
it is cooled as it passes through piped in water
63
how does tobacco shisha compare to cigarette tobacco in carbon monoxide
shisha makes 11 times more CO than in cigarette
64
how does tobacco shisha compare to cigarette tobacco in carcinogen levels
same or higher
65
what does hooka do to BP
raise
66
what does hooka do to HR
raise
67
can hooka affect lungs long term
yes it can cause lung disease and cancer
68
can hooka affect mouths long term
yes it can cause oral cancer
69
does water remove irritants from hooka
some of them
70
is the shisha nicotine burned in hooka
no just really high heat
71
what is the average smoking time with cigarettes + number of puffs + inhaled smoke per puff
5-7 mins, 8-12 puffs, 0.5-0.6L
72
what is the average smoking time with hookah + number of puffs + inhaled smoke per puff
28-80 mins, 50-200 puffs, 0.15 L
73
where does nicotine bind on receptor relative to ACh
same site
74
at which pH ranges is nicotine charged
at low pH (positive_
75
does nicotine cause cancer
no but it may enhance growth
76
if nicotine doesnt cause cancer, how do cigs give you cancer
tar, CO, metals, hydrocarbons etc
77
what is the protonation state of nicotine at low ph
mostly diprotonated
78
what is the protonation state of nicotine at mid ph
monoprotonated
79
what is the protonation state of nicotine at high ph
nonprotonated / free-base
80
what does free-base form of nicotine mean / when does it happen
nonprotonated, most at high pH
81
does the diprotonated form of nicotine happen when smoking
no
82
which form of nicotine is the most volatine
free base / non protonated
83
why is the free base / non protonated state most easily absorbed
it is volatile so more easily released from tobacco and increases ease of absorption
84
what form of nicotine is linked with highest rates of adoption
free base / non protonated
85
what happens to free base / non protonated nicotine once its in the blood
converted to monoprotonated
86
how much nicotine on the tongue would kill an adult
60mg
87
how much nicotine in 1 cigarette
0.5-2mg
88
what is pyrolysis of nicotine
when nicotine gets destroyed due to burning
89
why do smokers only get a fraction of nicotine from cigs (3)
because of sidestream smoke, pyrolysis and filter
90
do most smokers smoke the same way
yes
91
how many puffs per min in the average smoker
1-2
92
how long does each puff take in the average smoker
2s
93
what is the ug/kg of weight that is optimal for brain stimulation
1-2ug/kg
94
how many puffs do you have if you smoke a pack a day
100-200 puffs
95
when do nicotine levels in body peak
at the end of the smoking day
96
why is the first smoke of the day the best
because receptors resensitize overnight
97
what causes drug accumulation throughout the day
because more smoking throughout the day causes accumulation (new drug added before previous drug is removed)
98
which receptor is most tied to the effects of nicotine/ most quickly saturated
alpha4beta2
99
how did they find out that it was the alpha4beta2 receptor which were most saturated with nicotine
they did tracer binding before and after. after it couldnt bind anymore because nicotine already occupies the same site
100
how many puffs are required to sufficiently occupy 50% of alpha4beta2 receptors
1-2
101
how much % alpha4beta2 receptors are occupied with 1 cigarette
80%
102
how does the relapse rate compare with people taking nicotine replacement therapy to quit
honestly no improvement in relapse compared to quitting without NRT
103
why doesnt nicotine replacement therapy work very well
things like the gum, patch, nasal spray, dont give the same peak height in concentration
104
what 3 things metabolize nicotine
monooxygenases and CYP2A6 and aldehyde oxidase
105
what does CYP2A6 turn nicotine into
cotinine
106
what is the half life of nicotine
2hrs
107
what is the half life of cotinine
16 hours
108
what % of nicotine is turned into cotinine
80%
109
what % of nicotine is turned into nicotine-1' - N oxide
4-7%
110
what does monooxygenases turn nicotine into
nicotine-1' - N oxide
111
what happens with a mutation in CYP2A6
slows metabolism, so less tobacco use
112
what does CYP2A6 do to ease of quitting
makes it easier because less metabolism and high nic levels are aversive
113
what is structurally different with nicotine and cotinine
cotinine has a ketone which makes it more soluble and willing to be excreted
114
which 2 things can induce enzymes to break down nicotine
nicotine and tar
115
what may play a role in nicotine tolerance
the enzymes that break it down
116
what is a good way to test for direct and second hand smoking
test for cotinine
