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cannabis 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what temperature does THC vaporize at

A

180-200 degrees C

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2
Q

why are vaporizers safer than smoking

A

because cannabis is heated but not burned

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3
Q

can vaporizers deliver equal amounts of THC as smoking

A

yes

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4
Q

do vaporizers produce as many combustion products as smoking

A

no

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5
Q

what happens to receptors (which ones) with chronic THC exposure

A

CB1 receptors are internalized

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6
Q

what are 7 withdrawal symptoms of THC

A

hot flashes, sweating, runny nose, loose stools, irritability, anxiety, insomnia (opposite of what THC does_

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7
Q

what causes THC tolerance

A

internalization of CB1 receptors

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8
Q

why is withdrawal usually not severe

A

because of long-half life of drug and metabolites, so there is a very gradual decrease (no immediate symptoms)

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9
Q

what does pyrolysis of cannabis generate (3)

A

mutagenic polycyclic hydrocarbons, phenols, cresols

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10
Q

what does smoking cannabis do to airways

A

increases precancerous lesions and airway inflammation

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11
Q

can smoking cannabis cause lung cancer

A

there is no correlation

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12
Q

can smoking cannabis cause larynx cancer

A

there is no correlation

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13
Q

can smoking cannabis cause pharynx cancer

A

there is no correlation

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14
Q

can smoking cannabis cause mouth cancer

A

there is no correlation

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15
Q

can smoking cannabis cause testicular cancer

A

there is a link

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16
Q

what % of all schizophrenia cases are linked to weed use

A

8%

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17
Q

what is the increased risk of schizophrenia in average users over long term (like 10-15 times in life)

A

2 times the average risk

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18
Q

what is the increased risk of schizophrenia in heavy users over long term

A

6 times the average risk

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19
Q

what increases the risk of schizophrenia with cannabis users

A

high THC to low CBD varieties

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20
Q

what does age and cannabis use link to schizophrenia + why

A

increased risk with earlier first exposure (neuroplasticity)

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21
Q

what 2 gene mutations may cause a link with schizophrenia and how

A

COMT gene mutation, it metabolizes DA

AKT controls gene transcription and cell death in neurons

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22
Q

what is the timeline of cannabis use and schizophrenia

A

cannabis use precedes schizophrenia by 1-5 years

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23
Q

why is the argument that “cannabis is used for schizophrenia self-medication” likely wrong

A

because cannabis use typically worsens symptoms

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24
Q

what is a positive symptom of schizophrenia

A

hallucinations

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25
what is a negative symptom of schizophrenia
apathy
26
can THC mimic schizophrenia symptoms and how
yes by THC intoxication
27
what are 3 mental illnesses that cannabis has been linked to
depression, amotivational syndrome, schizophrenia
28
what can cannabis use do to IQ (from age 18-30)
drop by 8
29
what are 3 ways that cannabinoids stimulate food intake
increased: olfaction, pleasure when eating food and activity of hunger signalling pathways
30
what do cannabinoids do to olfaction
increase
31
what do cannabinoids do to pleasure when eating food
increase
32
what do cannabinoids do to activity of hunger signalling pathways
increase
33
what kind of cells are in the main olfactory bulb that sense neuronal information
mitral cells
34
what are mitralcells
cells in main olfactory bulb that sense neuronal information
35
where do mitral cells transmit their sensory information
to the prefrontal cortex and amygdala
36
what kind of neurons project onto mitral cells
GABA releasing neurons
37
what stimulates GABA releasing neurons onto the mitral cells (what is step 1)
glutamate releasing neurons
38
what is the 3 neuron pathway that controls hunger
glutamate projection onto GABA releasing neurons onto mitral cells
39
what do glutamate releasing neurons do when you are not hungry
they release glutamate onto GABA relasing neurons
40
what do GABA releasing neurons do when you are not hungry and why
release GABA onto mitral cells (because glutamate excites the GABA releasing neurons)
41
what happens to mitral cells when you arent hungry
they dont transmit olfactory information to other brain regions
42
what do glutamate releasing neurons do when you are hungry
glutamate release is prevented due to CB1 activation on glutamate-releasing nerve endings
43
what do glutamate releasing neurons do when you have cannabinoids in you
glutamate release is prevented due to CB1 activation on glutamate-releasing nerve endings
44
what do GABA releasing neurons do when you are hungry and why
they do not release GABA because they arent activated by glutamate
45
what happens to mitral cells when you are hungry
they will transmit olfactory info to other brain regions (no GABA inhibition)
46
what do GABA releasing neurons do when you are high and why
they do not release GABA because they arent activated by glutamate
47
what happens to mitral cells when you are high
they will transmit olfactory info to other brain regions (no GABA inhibition)
48
in the hunger pathway, where are the CB1 receptors localized
on the nerve endings on glutamate releasing neurons
49
what does THC do to pleasure and reward from food
increase
50
does THC make water even more rewarding
no
51
does THC make a small dose of sucrose (one that wouldn't cause pleasure before) even more rewarding
yes
52
what NT is the primary signal for nausea and vomiting
serotonin
53
what does THC do to 5HT release
prevents its release
54
how does THC prevent serotonin release (2)
via CB1 activation (Gi) and binds to 5HT3 receptors to decrease their activity
55
what does THC do to 5HT3 receptors
binds and decreases their activity
56
what is CBD to 5HT1A autoreceptors
agonist (prevents 5HT release)
57
what is CBD to 5HT3 + what does this cause
antagonist (its post synaptic) | causes a reduced nausea
58
what does CBD do to 5HT release
prevents
59
what is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
constant vomiting and stomach pains
60
what causes cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
long term frequent cannabis users
61
what can relieve symptoms of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
compulsive hot showers
62
what part of the body controls body temperature
hypothalamus
63
what may cause the link of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and hot showers
lots of CB1 receptors in hypothalamus (controls body temp)
64
what kind of driving task is most effected by cannabis use
automated tasks (staying in lane)
65
what kind of driving task is least effected by cannabis use
concentration-intensive tasks (reversing, distance keeping)
66
are automated or concentration-intensive tasks more severely affected by cannabis use
automated
67
how does acute cannabis risk change with motor vehicle accident risk
doubles risk
68
what are the effects of alcohol and cannabis to driving
additive
69
where do the chemicals found in synthetic/herbal marijuana come from
cast-offs of various research programs that were trying to find new drugs to characterize CB1 and CB2 receptors
70
what is JWH-018
synthetic marijuana
71
what is UR-144
synthetic marijuana
72
what is XLR-11
synthetic marijuana
73
what is the potency of JWH-018
middle, 102nm required to get same effect as 250nm THC
74
what is the potency of UR-144
not very potent, 421nm required to get same effect as 250nm THC
75
what is the potency of XLR-11
fairly potent, 98nm required to get same effect as 250nm THC
76
what is the structural difference of XLR-11 and UR-144
XLR-11 has an F group as its R substituent
77
what does the F group as a substituent do to potency
makes it more potent
78
what causes the potency difference of XLR-11 and UR-144
XLR-11 (more potent) has an F as the R group and UR-144 has an H group as the R group
79
what is "spiceophrenia"
psychosis that is induced from synthetic cannabinoids
80
what do synthetic cannabinoids do to BP
increase
81
what do synthetic cannabinoids do to HR
increase
82
what do synthetic cannabinoids do to respiration rate
increase
83
what kind of agonist is THC
partial agonist
84
what kind of agonist is synthetic cannabinoids
full agonists
85
why do the synthetic cannabinoids have a larger effect on the cardiovascular system and psychologically
because they are more potent agonists at CB2 receptors than THC
86
what are 2 main differences in the effects of synthetic cannabinoids than THC (like 2 new things that happen)
- stimulate intracellular signalling pathways (not simulated by THC or endocannabinoids) - more rapid desensitization and internalization of receptors
87
which receptor is responsible for synthetic cannabinoids effects on the cardiovascular system
CB2
88
for the nausea stuff, where are 5HT1A receptors
presynaptic
89
for the nausea stuff, where are 5HT3 receptors
post synaptic

PMCOL 305 (26 decks)

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