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Psych Final > Sociology test 2 > Flashcards

Sociology test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

genitals, organs used for reproduction

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2
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

bodily development, apart from genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males

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3
Q

gender

A

element of culture and refers to personal traits and patterns of behavior that a culture attaches to being female or male

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4
Q

intersexual people

A

people whose bodies have both female and male characteristics

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5
Q

transsexuals

A

people who feel they are one sex even though biologically they are the other

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6
Q

incest taboo

A

an norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives

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7
Q

asexuality

A

a lack of sexual attraction to people of either sex

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8
Q

what gives sexual orientation?

A

society and biology

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9
Q

sexual issues and controversies

A

teen pregnancy
pornography
prostitution
sexual violence

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10
Q

queer theory

A

body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in US society

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11
Q

heterosexism

A

view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as queer

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12
Q

deviance

A

recognized violation of cultural norms

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13
Q

social control

A

attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior

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14
Q

social foundations of deviance

A
  • deviance varies according to cultural norms
  • people become deviant as others define them that way
  • how societies set norms and how they define rule breaking both involve social power
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15
Q

Durkheim’s Theory

A
  • deviance affirms cultural values and norms
  • responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
  • responding to deviance brings people together
  • deviance encourages social change
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16
Q

Merton’s strain theory

A

deviance lies on whether a society provides the means to achieve cultural goals. Done in four ways: innovation, ritualism, retreatism, conformity and rebellion.

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17
Q

innovation

A

using unconventional means to achieve a culturally approved goal

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18
Q

ritualism

A

people may not care about becoming rich but rigidly stick to rules anyway to feel respectable

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19
Q

retreatism

A

rejecting both cultural goals and conventional means so that a person in effect drops out

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20
Q

rebellion

A

reject both cultural definition of success and conventional means of achieving it, but they go one step further by forming counterculture supporting alternatives

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21
Q

deviant subcultures

A

criminal
conflict
retreatist
delinquent

22
Q

labeling theory

A

idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions

23
Q

stigma

A

powerfully negative lavel that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity

24
Q

retrospective labeling

A

interpreting someone’s past in light of some present deviance

25
Q

projective labeling

A

using person’s deviant identity to predict future actions

26
Q

medicalization of deviance

A

transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition

27
Q

Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory

A

person’s tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior

28
Q

Hirschi’s Control Theory

A

states that social control depends on people anticipating the consequences of their behavior
linked conformity to four types of social control: attachment, opportunity, involvement and belief

29
Q

Social-Conflict Theory

A 
deviance and power
deviance and capitalism
white-collar crime
corporate crime
organized crime
30
Q

white-collar crime

A

crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

31
Q

corporate crime

A

the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf

32
Q

organized crime

A

a business supplying illegal goods or services

33
Q

types of crime

A

crimes against the person
crimes against property
victimless crime

34
Q

types of punishment

A

retribution
deterrence
rehabilitation
societal protection

35
Q

retribution

A

an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by crime

36
Q

deterrence

A

attempt to discourage criminality through use of punishment

37
Q

rehabilitation

A

program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses; motivates offender to conform

38
Q

societal protection

A

rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution

39
Q

types of reform after prison

A

probation
shock probation
parole

40
Q

intragenerational social mobility

A

change in social position occurring during person’’s lifetime

41
Q

intergenerational social mobility

A

upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents

42
Q

relative poverty

A

lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more

43
Q

absolute poverty

A

lack of resources that is life-threatening

44
Q

true hermaphrodite

A

one testicle, one ovary, penis and uterus/half-uterus

45
Q

male pseudo hermaphrodite

A

chromosome of male, but have vagina and clitoris, do not have ovaries but testicles instead

46
Q

female pseudo hermaphrodite

A

female chromosomes, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, but externally male

47
Q

explanations for deviance

A

biological

personality

48
Q

what does a person look like if looks deviant?

A

different colored eyes, long arms, lots of hair, crooked nose, large lips, well defined ears

49
Q

endomorph

A

roundness, long limbs, soft skin, shorter

50
Q

mesomorph

A

more muscle, bone, connective tissue

51
Q

ectomorph

A

fragile people, long and tall

52
Q

containment theory

A

we are equally predisposed to deviant behavior, but some of us have ability to control our actions better than others

Psych Final (21 decks)

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