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Psych Final > Bio Test 3 > Flashcards

Bio Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many phosphates does AMP have?

A

one phosphate

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2
Q

How many phosphates does ADP have?

A

two phosphates

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3
Q

How many phosphates does ATP have?

A

three phosphates

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4
Q

What does the basic structure of a nucleotide contain?

A

nitrogenous base
sugar (5-carbon)
phosphate

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5
Q

nucleotides are subunits of what?

A

nucleic acids

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6
Q

What are the two major types of bases?

A

purines

pyrimidines

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7
Q

What are purines?

A

two rings
adenine (A)
guanine (G)

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8
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

one ring
cytosine (C)
thymine (T)
uracil (U)

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9
Q

What are the two major 5 carbon sugars in nucleotides?

A

ribose

deoxyribose

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10
Q

What kind of phosphates are there?

A

AMP
ADP
ATP

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11
Q

a phosphodiester bond is just a what bond?

A

covalent bond

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12
Q

How do nucleic acids form?

A

the hydroxyl group of first nucleic acid covalentaly bonds to the phosphate group of the second nucleic acid
note that the base is not part of the bond

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13
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure

A

building blocks: A, T, G, C
complementary base pairing
double strand (held together by hydrogen bond)
double helical structure

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14
Q

complementary base pairing

A

A pairs to T with 2 hydrogen bonds

G pairs to C with 3 hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

double helical structure

A

2 nm in diameter
10 base pairs per turn or .34 nm per turn
major or minor grooves

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16
Q

define antiparallel

A

two DNA strands

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17
Q

each chromosome is a ….

A

linear DNA molecule

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18
Q

humans have…

A

22 pairs of chromosomes + the sex chromosome

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19
Q

how long is each chromosome?

A

2 meters

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20
Q

law of segregation

A

two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation

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21
Q

genes

A

what governs are inheritance of traits

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22
Q

alleles

A

different variations of gene account

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23
Q

genotype

A

is the actual genetic makeup (AA, Aa, or aa)

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24
Q

homozygous

A

individual trait that has two identical alleles (AA or aa)

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25
Q

heterozygous

A

individual trait that has two different alleles (Aa)

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26
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between parents that are heterozygous for a single trait
- true for all sexually reproducing organisms

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27
Q

law of independent assortment

A

alleles for different traits segregate and assort independently

  • from dihybrid cross
  • only true for genes on different chromosomes or separated by distance on same chromosome
28
Q

dihybrid cross

A

cross between parents that are heterozygous for two traits (YyRr)

29
Q

polygenic inheritance

A
  • traits determined by multiple genes
  • traits show continuous variation
  • each gene makes small contribution to phenotype
  • example: height
30
Q

incomplete dominance

A
  • don’t have clear dominant-recessive relationship
  • cross between two heterozygous parents
  • results in 1:2:1 ratio
31
Q

codominance

A
  • don’t have clear dominant-recessive relationship
  • each allele of gene is expressed and determines phenotype
  • example: human blood
  • strong alleles show both phenotypes
32
Q

human blood types are determined by what…

A

by the sugar molecule on the surface of the red blood cell

33
Q

multiple alleles

A

human blood is example….just has multiple alleles

34
Q

environmental factors

A

there are temperature sensitive alleles of certain genes

35
Q

What is the sugar exhibited in blood type A?

A

galactosamine

36
Q

What is the sugar exhibited in blood type B?

A

galactose

37
Q

What is the sugar exhibited in blood type AB?

A

galactosamine and galactose

38
Q

What is the sugar exhibited in blood type O?

A

none

39
Q

replication process

A 
opening DNA double helix (opens at ori)
building a primer
assembling complementary strands
removing primer
joining okazaki fragments
40
Q

replication origin

A 
span of 100 bp
attract initiator protein
have fewer hydrogen bonds and easy to open
often A-T-rish stretch of DNA
numerous in human, one in bacteria
41
Q

semiconservative replication

A

When a DNA strand splits in half, the parent strands from the original DNA strand replicate and form two new daughter strands. Creates a new double-stranded DNA.

42
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

copys DNA; uses primer or hydroxyl group to add nucleotides to RNA primer

43
Q

DNA helicase

A

opens DNA for replication; unzips

44
Q

DNA primase

A

comes in to make primer (RNA nucleotide; 10 bases long)

45
Q

single-strand DNA-binding protein

A

stabilize single strand; prevents them from pairing back together

46
Q

replication forks

A
  • two replication forks are formed at each replication origin
  • move in both directions
  • move at rate of 1000 bp/sec in bacteria
  • move at rate of 100 bp/sec in humans
47
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

removes old primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides

48
Q

replication forks are asymmetrical or symmetrical?

A

asymmetrical

49
Q

DNA ligase

A

join okazaki fragments together

50
Q

the leading strand grows….

A

continuously

51
Q

the lagging strand grows…

A

discontinuously (okazaki fragments)

52
Q

telomere

A
  • 6 bp repeats (TTAGGG)
  • 10,000-15000 bases or 10-15 kb
  • shortening/ replication
53
Q

telomerase

A

enzyme that is complimentary to 6-bp repeats (TTAGGG); pairs very end and creates a template, and extends telomere longer so another okazaki fragment can be created
also linked with aging

54
Q

telomerase is made up of what?

A

reverse transcriptase + telomere RNA

55
Q

types of DNA damage

A

depurination
deamination
T-T dimer
accidental double-strand break

56
Q

depurination

A

removes purine base so nucleic acid is missing one its main opponents

57
Q

deamination

A

removes the amino group and leaves an oxygen in its place which then causes a mismatch

58
Q

T-T dimer

A

caused by UV radiation; covalent bond between two thymines

59
Q

accidental double-strand break

A

cause by UV radiation; repair usually cause a deletion of many genes

60
Q

consequences of DNA damage

A

point mutation

deletion mutation

61
Q

point mutation

A

caused by deaminated C, therefore is a U instead of a C and the new daughter strands brings in A instead of G
creates mutated replicated DNA and unchanged

62
Q

deletion mutation

A

caused by depurinated A, therefore where there should be an A, there is none; so on the new daughter strand, we are just missing a gene
creates mutated replicated DNA and unchanged

63
Q

3’ to 5’ exonuclease

A

when replication mistake occurs, this enzyme comes in and repairs it by taking off mismatched base and replacing with correct base

64
Q

unrepaired DNA strand can cause what?

A

it can cause a mutated strand which then can cause a disease such as sickle cell anemia

65
Q

error rates

A

1/10^7 replicated bp without repair

1/10^9 replicated bp with repair

Psych Final (21 decks)

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