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Psych Final > Bio Test 3a > Flashcards

Bio Test 3a Flashcards

1
Q

central dogma

A 
gene 
transcription
RNA
translation
protein
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2
Q

differential expression

A

rate at which genes are expressed i.e. fast or slow

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3
Q

bottom strand of DNA

A

template strand
antisense strand
( - ) strand
USED FOR TRANSCRIPTION

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4
Q

top strand of DNA

A

coding strand
sense strand
( + ) strand

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5
Q

What is the sugar in the RNA structure?

A

ribose

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6
Q

types of RNA

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
miRNA

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7
Q

mRNA

A

code for proteins

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8
Q

rRNA

A

form part of the structure of ribosome

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9
Q

tRNA

A

carry amino acids for protein synthesis

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10
Q

miRNA

A

micronRNA

regulate gene expression

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11
Q

structure of RNA polymerase

A 
2 alpha subunits bind regulatory proteins
1 beta subunit binds RNA nucleoside
1 beta prime subunit binds DNA template
1 sigma binds promoter
5 total
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12
Q

RNA polymerase

A

transcribes one of two strands
synthesis proceeds in the 5 prime to three prime direction
can unwind DNA helix

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13
Q

promoters

A

where transcription begins

  • 35 sequence
  • 10 sequence
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14
Q

terminator

A

where the transcription ends

stretch of GC that forms into hair-pin structure

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15
Q

start and stop of transcription

A 
promoters
terminators
multiple initiations
both DNA strands could be coding strands
sigma factor dissociated shortly after transcription begins
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16
Q

What are the ways that eukaryotic transcription differs form prokaryotic transcription?

A

three RNA polymerase enzymes in pro
initiation complex forms at promoter in pro
RNAs are modified after transcription in pro
monocistronic: one mRNA for one peptide (protein)

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17
Q

RNA polymerase I

A

for rRNAs

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18
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

for mRNAs and small nuclear RNAs (miRNAs)

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19
Q

RNA polymerase III

A

for tRNAs and small RNAs

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20
Q

TBP

A

TATA box binding protein

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21
Q

Initiation of eukaryote transcription

A
  • TFIID complex containing TBP binds to promoter
  • joined by TFIIB, then TFIIE and others. Last factor is TFIIH
  • TFIIH phosphorylates RNA polymerase II with a kinase and initiates transcription
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22
Q

TFIID

A

transcriptor factor II (RNA)

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23
Q

splicing

A

cuts out introns and connects exons

carried out by spliceosome

24
Q

exon

A

portion of DNA that can be used to translate proteins

25
introns
portion of DNA that doesn't make proteins or show up in mature RNA
26
RNA modifications
only in eukaryotes - five prime cap: CH3 to G to triphosphate - three prime poly-A tail (150-250 As)
27
spliceosome
- made up of snRNA and snRNP | - recognize junctions between exon and intron and certain A on intron
28
lariat
what the section of the intron is called after it is removed from the DNA sequence
29
alternative splicing
combinations of different exons from the same primary RNA to generate tissue specific version of proteins
30
RNA transport
transcription happens in nucleus | translation happens outside of nucleus in cytoplasm
31
What are the six levels of gene expression?
- transcriptional control - RNA processing control - RNA transport and localization control - mRNA degradation and stability control - translational control - protein activity control
32
regulatory DNA sequences
-35 and -10 sequences operator TATA box enhancer
33
-35 and -10 sequence
for general transcription initiation | prokaryotes
34
operator
operon specific; bound by activator or repressor | prokaryotes
35
TATA box
for general transcription initiation | eukaryote
36
enhancer
gene specific regulatory element | eukaryote
37
regulatory proteins
activator (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) repressor (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) transcription factors (eukaryotes)
38
transcription factors
there are general and gene specific factors.
39
define operon
set of genes that is transcribed into a single mRNA
40
what are the operons in prokaryotes?
- tryptophan (trp) - lactose (lac) - arabinose (ara)
41
ploycistronic
one RNA makes many proteins
42
tryptophan operan
trp operon is regulated by the level of trp; tryptophan activates repressor, but when the tryptophan level is high, the operon is off because tryptophan binds to the repressor
43
lactose operon
- regulated by the LacI repressor and CAP activator - LacI repressor is on in absence of lactose - CAP activator is on in absence of glucose - the lac operon is on only when LacI is off and CAP is on
44
transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes
- multiple RNA polymerases - need transcription factors - action of activators and enhancers - DNA structure and modification
45
transcription factors
- common TFs: TFI, TFII, TFIII families bind to promoters | - special TFs (or activators) bind to enhancers
46
enhancers
- modular regulation by enhancers - combination of activator and transcription factor - master transcription factor
47
Working order of TFs
- TFIID - followed by TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIH and - TFIIF on RNA polymerase II - TFIIH phosphorylates RNA polymerase II - transcription starts
48
activators
- bind at enhancer (changes of the structure of DNA) - work from a distance, could be up to 50 kb away - combinatorial control of multiple activators
49
before final translation, what has to happen?
``` the activator (special transcription factor) binds to the mediator which then binds to the general transcription factor which includes our TF complexes. - the mediator connects the starting signal to the other complexes ```
50
postttranscriptional regulation
for miRNA; targets complementary and not so complementary strands - transcribed from normal gene - cleaved into short dsRNA by DICER - ss-miRNA forms complex with RISC - siRNA pairs with target mRNAs - degradation of target mRNAs
51
dsRNA
double strand RNA
52
ss-miRNA
single strand miRNA
53
what does synthetic anti-sense RNA do?
block translation or splicing leading to no protein production
54
reverse genetics?
knockout gene expression without changing the gene itself.
55
forward genetics?
knockout gene expression by changing the DNA sequence of the gene
56
DNA structure and modificaiton
euchromatin vs. heterochromatin | methylation
57
methylation
adding methyl group to DNA molecule; changes structure of DNA, can block transcription

Psych Final (21 decks)

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