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Psych Final > Bio Test 3a > Flashcards

Bio Test 3a Flashcards

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1
Q

central dogma

A 
gene 
transcription
RNA
translation
protein
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2
Q

differential expression

A

rate at which genes are expressed i.e. fast or slow

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3
Q

bottom strand of DNA

A

template strand
antisense strand
( - ) strand
USED FOR TRANSCRIPTION

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4
Q

top strand of DNA

A

coding strand
sense strand
( + ) strand

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5
Q

What is the sugar in the RNA structure?

A

ribose

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6
Q

types of RNA

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
miRNA

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7
Q

mRNA

A

code for proteins

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8
Q

rRNA

A

form part of the structure of ribosome

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9
Q

tRNA

A

carry amino acids for protein synthesis

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10
Q

miRNA

A

micronRNA

regulate gene expression

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11
Q

structure of RNA polymerase

A 
2 alpha subunits bind regulatory proteins
1 beta subunit binds RNA nucleoside
1 beta prime subunit binds DNA template
1 sigma binds promoter
5 total
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12
Q

RNA polymerase

A

transcribes one of two strands
synthesis proceeds in the 5 prime to three prime direction
can unwind DNA helix

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13
Q

promoters

A

where transcription begins

  • 35 sequence
  • 10 sequence
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14
Q

terminator

A

where the transcription ends

stretch of GC that forms into hair-pin structure

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15
Q

start and stop of transcription

A 
promoters
terminators
multiple initiations
both DNA strands could be coding strands
sigma factor dissociated shortly after transcription begins
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16
Q

What are the ways that eukaryotic transcription differs form prokaryotic transcription?

A

three RNA polymerase enzymes in pro
initiation complex forms at promoter in pro
RNAs are modified after transcription in pro
monocistronic: one mRNA for one peptide (protein)

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17
Q

RNA polymerase I

A

for rRNAs

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18
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

for mRNAs and small nuclear RNAs (miRNAs)

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19
Q

RNA polymerase III

A

for tRNAs and small RNAs

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20
Q

TBP

A

TATA box binding protein

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21
Q

Initiation of eukaryote transcription

A
  • TFIID complex containing TBP binds to promoter
  • joined by TFIIB, then TFIIE and others. Last factor is TFIIH
  • TFIIH phosphorylates RNA polymerase II with a kinase and initiates transcription
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22
Q

TFIID

A

transcriptor factor II (RNA)

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23
Q

splicing

A

cuts out introns and connects exons

carried out by spliceosome

24
Q

exon

A

portion of DNA that can be used to translate proteins

25
Q

introns

A

portion of DNA that doesn’t make proteins or show up in mature RNA

26
Q

RNA modifications

A

only in eukaryotes

  • five prime cap: CH3 to G to triphosphate
  • three prime poly-A tail (150-250 As)
27
Q

spliceosome

A
  • made up of snRNA and snRNP

- recognize junctions between exon and intron and certain A on intron

28
Q

lariat

A

what the section of the intron is called after it is removed from the DNA sequence

29
Q

alternative splicing

A

combinations of different exons from the same primary RNA to generate tissue specific version of proteins

30
Q

RNA transport

A

transcription happens in nucleus

translation happens outside of nucleus in cytoplasm

31
Q

What are the six levels of gene expression?

A
  • transcriptional control
  • RNA processing control
  • RNA transport and localization control
  • mRNA degradation and stability control
  • translational control
  • protein activity control
32
Q

regulatory DNA sequences

A

-35 and -10 sequences
operator
TATA box
enhancer

33
Q

-35 and -10 sequence

A

for general transcription initiation

prokaryotes

34
Q

operator

A

operon specific; bound by activator or repressor

prokaryotes

35
Q

TATA box

A

for general transcription initiation

eukaryote

36
Q

enhancer

A

gene specific regulatory element

eukaryote

37
Q

regulatory proteins

A

activator (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)
repressor (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)
transcription factors (eukaryotes)

38
Q

transcription factors

A

there are general and gene specific factors.

39
Q

define operon

A

set of genes that is transcribed into a single mRNA

40
Q

what are the operons in prokaryotes?

A
  • tryptophan (trp)
  • lactose (lac)
  • arabinose (ara)
41
Q

ploycistronic

A

one RNA makes many proteins

42
Q

tryptophan operan

A

trp operon is regulated by the level of trp; tryptophan activates repressor, but when the tryptophan level is high, the operon is off because tryptophan binds to the repressor

43
Q

lactose operon

A
  • regulated by the LacI repressor and CAP activator
  • LacI repressor is on in absence of lactose
  • CAP activator is on in absence of glucose
  • the lac operon is on only when LacI is off and CAP is on
44
Q

transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes

A
  • multiple RNA polymerases
  • need transcription factors
  • action of activators and enhancers
  • DNA structure and modification
45
Q

transcription factors

A
  • common TFs: TFI, TFII, TFIII families bind to promoters

- special TFs (or activators) bind to enhancers

46
Q

enhancers

A
  • modular regulation by enhancers
  • combination of activator and transcription factor
  • master transcription factor
47
Q

Working order of TFs

A
  • TFIID
  • followed by TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIH and
  • TFIIF on RNA polymerase II
  • TFIIH phosphorylates RNA polymerase II
  • transcription starts
48
Q

activators

A
  • bind at enhancer (changes of the structure of DNA)
  • work from a distance, could be up to 50 kb away
  • combinatorial control of multiple activators
49
Q

before final translation, what has to happen?

A 
the activator (special transcription factor) binds to the mediator which then binds to the general transcription factor which includes our TF complexes.
- the mediator connects the starting signal to the other complexes
50
Q

postttranscriptional regulation

A

for miRNA; targets complementary and not so complementary strands

  • transcribed from normal gene
  • cleaved into short dsRNA by DICER
  • ss-miRNA forms complex with RISC
  • siRNA pairs with target mRNAs
  • degradation of target mRNAs
51
Q

dsRNA

A

double strand RNA

52
Q

ss-miRNA

A

single strand miRNA

53
Q

what does synthetic anti-sense RNA do?

A

block translation or splicing leading to no protein production

54
Q

reverse genetics?

A

knockout gene expression without changing the gene itself.

55
Q

forward genetics?

A

knockout gene expression by changing the DNA sequence of the gene

56
Q

DNA structure and modificaiton

A

euchromatin vs. heterochromatin

methylation

57
Q

methylation

A

adding methyl group to DNA molecule; changes structure of DNA, can block transcription

Psych Final (21 decks)

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