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Psych Final > Bio Test 3b > Flashcards

Bio Test 3b Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins DNA fragments in presence of ATP

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2
Q

What are the three vectors?

A

plasmid
viruses
aritificial chromosomes

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3
Q

plasmid

A
  • extra chromosomal DNA molecule
  • used for cloning small pieces of DNA
  • has ori (replication orgin)
  • selectable marker
  • multiple replication sites usually with LacZ
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4
Q

ori

A

allows independent replication

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5
Q

selectable marker

A

allows presence of plasmid to be easily identified

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6
Q

sticky, overhang or preotruding ends

A

zig-zag cut by restriction enzymes where there is a protruding amnio acid on one side

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7
Q

palindromic sequence

A

sequence that is the same front and back

  • ECOR1: GAATTC
  • HindIII: AAGCTT
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8
Q

restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease

A
  • found in bacteria and archea providing a defense mechanism against invading viruses
  • cut double-stranded DNA at specific spots
  • 6 bp cutter (Sequence of 6 bp is isolated)
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9
Q

restriciton enzyme sites

A

site where restriction enzymes cut double-stranded DNA

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10
Q

artificial chromosomes

A

for larger insert and large-scale analysis of genomes

yeast and bacterial

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11
Q

when a gene is expressed what should it have?

A

ori
selection marker
multiples restriction sites
reporter gene

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12
Q

process of molecular cloning

A
  • DNA cleavage
  • ligation of gene into vector by DNA ligase in presence of ATP. recombinant plasmid made
  • transformation
  • screening
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13
Q

transformation

A

introducing recombinant DNA into bacteria

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14
Q

screening

A

uses selective medium containing antibiotics or X-Gal;

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15
Q

antibiotic

A

amplicillin; clones that contain the plasmid will grgow in medium with ampicillin

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16
Q

X-Gal

A

substrate for LacZ enzyme; clones that have the gene fragment inserted in LacZgene will turn white

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17
Q

transformation

A

DNA uptake by bacteria

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18
Q

transfection

A

DNA uptake by animal (eukaryotes) cell

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19
Q

transduction

A

injection of DNA into host cell by virus

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20
Q

conjugation

A

DNA transfer between two cells via direct contact

21
Q

applications of molecular cloning

A
  • expressing using proteins (insulin)
  • expressing reporter protein (transgenic animals)
  • pGLO plasmid
22
Q

pGLO plasmid

A

contains GFP gene under the control of ara operator araC protein binds arabinose to form complex that turns on ara operon

23
Q

process of DNA replication

A
  • opening DNA double helix (helicase)
  • building a primer (DNA primase)
  • assembling complementary strans (DNA polymerase III)
  • removing the primer (DNA polymerase I)
  • joining okazaki fragments (DNA ligase)
24
Q

characteristics of replication orgin

A
  • spans 100-bp
  • attracts intiator proteins
  • has fewer hydrogen bonds and easy to open
  • odten A-T rich stretches of DNA
  • numerous in humans, one in bacteria
25
Q

unique features of transcription in eukaryotes

A
  • three RNA polymerase enzymes
  • initiation complex forms at promoter with many transcription factors
  • RNAs are modified after transcription
  • One RNA makes one type of protein (monocistronic)
26
Q

how do miRNAs regulate gene expression

A
  • encoded by normal gene
  • first cleaved into short dsRNA by DICER
  • ss-miRNA forms complex with RISC
  • siRNA pairs with target mRNAs
  • causes mRNA degradation or blocks translation
27
Q

what is the start codon?

A

AUG; Met

28
Q

What is the only other codon that has only one representation?

A

Trp; UGG

29
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

30
Q

codon

A

every three nucleotides makes a code for amino acid

31
Q

redundancy

A

some amino acids are encoded by multiple codons

32
Q

ribosomes

A
  • made of proteins and rRNAs
  • consist of two subunits
  • has 82 proteins and 4 rRNAs
33
Q

tRNAs

A
  • anticodon
  • carries amino acid (attached to OH- group of three prime end of tRNAs)
  • aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
34
Q

anticodon

A

3-nucleotide sequence on tRNA complementary to codon in mRNA

35
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

enzyme that attaches specific amino acid to corresponding tRNA

36
Q

translation process

A
  • initiation
  • elongation
  • termination
37
Q

initiation

A
  • small subunit of ribosome loaded with met-tRNA and initiation factors- complex
  • initiation complex binds 5’ cap of mRNA
  • initiation complex searching for first AUG codon
  • large subunit binds
38
Q

elongation

A
  • new aminoacyl-tRNA binds to A site
  • peptide bond forms by peptidyl transferase enzyme
  • large subunit translocates
  • small subunit translocates
  • empty tRNA leaves ribosome
39
Q

termination

A
  • A site meet a stop codon
  • release factor binds to A site
  • dissociation of the translation machinery
40
Q

antibiotics that kill bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis

A

tetracycline

cycloheximide

41
Q

tetracycline

A

blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to A site

42
Q

cycloheximide

A

blocks translocation of ribosome

43
Q

translocation

A

location of ribosome

44
Q

Where does protein synthesis begin?

A

on ribosomes in cytosol

45
Q

signal sequences

A
  • direct proteins to organelles
  • 15-60 amino acids long
  • usually removed after transport
  • can be done through pore, across membrane and vesicles
46
Q

transport by vesicles

A

from ER
golgi
endosomes or lysosomes
cell surface

47
Q

import protein into ER the signal sequence will…..

A

have many hydrophobic amino acids

48
Q

import proteins into the nucleus and signal sequence will….

A

have positively charge amino acids

Psych Final (21 decks)

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