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Psych Final > Bio Test 2 > Flashcards

Bio Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

heterochromatin

A

condensed non-coding DNA, very compact, don’t open for transcription, black areas in nucleus

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2
Q

euchromatin

A

loose DNA, white parts in nucleus, many genes, active transcription

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3
Q

nuclear envelope

A

has 2 layers of membranes (2 bilayers)

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4
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

extension from nuclear membrane, single layer organelle, 10% of cell

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5
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

contains ribosomes; protein translation, folding and transport

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6
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

no ribosomes; synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbs

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7
Q

golgi apparatus

A

lipid synthesis, pancake-like structure, protein modification and packaging and sorting, proteins move from inside cell to outside

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8
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

special type of smooth ER found in muscle, contains Ca+ which are released for muscle contraction

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9
Q

mitochondria

A

double membrane organelle, have DNA, glucose used to form ATP

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10
Q

chloroplast

A

double membrane organelle, have DNA, use carbon dioxide and light to create glucose

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11
Q

lysosome

A

containing digestive enzymes, digestive center, homogenous, maintain acidic environment by pumping in H+ ions

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12
Q

peroxisome

A

containing enzymes that break down long fatty acid chains, detoxification center

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13
Q

antibodies

A

produced by b-cells or b lymphocytes, coat pathogen which are then detected by WBC to engulf them to being them to the lysosome to break down

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14
Q

affinity chromatography

A

beads coated with antibodies to purify antigen

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15
Q

immunostaining

A

primary antibody and secondary antibody

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16
Q

nucleolus

A

rRNA synthesis, assembly of ribosomal subunits

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17
Q

plasma membrane

A

encloses the cell

18
Q

cytoplasm

A

fills interior of cell

19
Q

genetic material within cell

A

prokaryote: circular form
eukaryotes: linear form (helix)

20
Q

what determines the diffusion rate of molecules

A

size and solubility

21
Q

readily diffused molecules

A

small hydrophobic molecules

small uncharged polar molecules

22
Q

impermeable molecules

A

ions

larger uncharged polar molecules

23
Q

types of membrane transport proteins

A

transporter

channel proteins

24
Q

transporter proteins

A

have specific binding sites for ions and compounds, carry it across membrane

25
Q

channel protein

A

mainly for ions by size and charge, opens and closes to allow molecule through

26
Q

passive transport

A

doesn’t require energy, goes with concentration gradient

27
Q

active transport

A

does require energy, goes against concentration gradient

28
Q

types of active transporters

A

coupled transporter
ATP-driven pump
light-driven pump

29
Q

coupled transporter

A

uses energy from one molecule to facilitate the other other molecule against the concentration gradient

30
Q

ATP-driven pump

A

ion pump, changes formation of protein, one moves against concentration gradient

31
Q

light-driven pump

A

mainly in bacteria, uses energy from light to move substance against concentration gradient

32
Q

Na+-K+ pump

A

example of coupled transport
uses ATP to pump Na+ out and K+ in
30% of ATP consumed by carrier protein
cyclic action of carrier protein

33
Q

concentrations higher on outside the cell

A

Na+, Ca2+, Cl-

34
Q

concentrations higher inside the cell

A

K+, H+

35
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

concentration gradient + membrane potential

36
Q

symport

A

transport 2 molecules in same direction

37
Q

example of symport

A

glucose-NA+

driven by Na+ electrochemical gradient

38
Q

ion channels

A 
ion selectivity
requires specific signal to open or close 
more then 10^6 ions pass through per sec
change membrane potential
force other ions channels to open or close in millisecond
generate electric signal across membrane
will only accept one kind of ion
mainly for Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca2+
39
Q

ion selectivity

A

depends on diameter and shape of ion channel and the distribution of charged amino acids in lining

40
Q

gated ion channel

A

channel that requires specific signal to open or close

41
Q

patch-clamp recording

A

technique used to study behavior of ion channels

42
Q

process of patch-clamping

A

glass microelectrode (d=1 micrometer)
attach to cell membrane
detach patch which contains ion channels
metal wires connected to beaker and glass microelectrode
apply voltage and record current with oscilloscope
test effects of chemicals or membrane conditions

Psych Final (21 decks)

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