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Psych Final > Bio Test 4b > Flashcards

Bio Test 4b Flashcards

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1
Q

jobs of the cytoskeleton

A
  • adopts variety of cell shapes
  • organize components in cytoplasm
  • interact mechanically with environment
  • carry out coordinated movement
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2
Q

the three types of filaments

A
  • intermediate filament
  • microtubules
  • action filament
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3
Q

microtubules

A

25 nm in diameter

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4
Q

actin filament

A

7 nm in diameter

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5
Q

functions of intermediate filament

A
  • provide muscle cells and skin epithelial tissues with great strength
  • also stretch along the length of nerve cell axons
  • keeps cells connected, allows them to not lose contents
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6
Q

structure of intermediate filaments

A
  • 10 nm in diameter
  • subunits are fibrous proteins with N-terminal globular head, C-terminal globular tail and central elongated alpha-helical rod domain
  • coiled-doil dimer to tetramer to 8 tetramers twisted into rope-like filament
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7
Q

tissue

A

an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function

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8
Q

what are the four types of tissues

A
  • connective
  • epithelial
  • nervous
  • muscular
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9
Q

connective tissue

A

such as bone and blood

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10
Q

epithelial tissue

A

layers of cells that cover organ surfaces

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11
Q

nervous tissue

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

muscular tissue

A

provides contractility

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13
Q

the five types of cell junctions

A
  • tight junction
  • adherens junction
  • desmosome
  • gap junction
  • hemidesmosome
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14
Q

tight junction

A
  • connect plasma membrane of adjacent cells, typically epithelials, in sheet partition plasma membranes (apical vs basal)
  • form barriers to protect organs
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15
Q

adherens junction

A
  • links actins of adjacent cells

- key connecting proteins called cadherins

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16
Q

desmosome

A

links intermediate filaments, keratin

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17
Q

gap junction

A

protein channels, made of connexins which form into a 6 subunit formation called conexon

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18
Q

hemidesmosome

A

anchors cells to ECM through integrin

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19
Q

extracellular matrix

A
  • collagen is one of major components
  • other components include: laminin, fibronectin, gelatin
  • mutations usually cause skin blisters
20
Q

tumor

A
  • solid lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells called neoplasm
  • usually caused by multiple mutations in somatic cell
21
Q

characteristics of metastatic cancer cells

A
  • change cell junctions
  • break loose
  • epithelial-mesenchyme transition (EMT)
  • degrade extracellular matrix
  • metastasize
22
Q

oncogens

A
  • promoting growth in normal situation

- cause cancer when hyperactive (gof or dominant mutation)

23
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A
  • provide growth check in normal situations

- cause cancer when inactive (lof or recessive mutation)

24
Q

hyperactive

A

creation of oncogenes by mutations of proto-oncogene or DNA abnormalities

25
Q

multiple-hit

A

model for cancer formation

26
Q

tumor size

A
  • 10^8: visible on x-ray
  • 10^9: palpable
  • 10^12: cause death in the paitent
27
Q

What is the doubling time of a typical breast tumor?

A

100 days

28
Q

what is Gleevec

A

new type of anti-cancer drug that inhibits oncogenic kinase(s)

29
Q

multiple-hit in colon cancer

A
  • mutation in APC gene (tumor suppressor gene) causes neoplasm
  • mutation in ras gene (oncogene) causes small tumor
  • mutation in other tumor suppressors cause large tumor
  • mutation in p53 gene (tumor suppressor gene) causes metastatic
30
Q

at what rate are nerve cells renewed?

A

zero

31
Q

at what rate are intestinal cells renewed?

A

every few days

32
Q

at what rate are red blood cells replenished by our bone marrow?

A

120 days

33
Q

at what rate is bone tissue renewed?

A

10 years

34
Q

at what rate are skin cells renewed?

A

2 months

35
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cell that can continue dividing indefinitely, generating daughter cells that undergo terminal differentiation into particular cell types

  • undifferentiated
  • able to self renew
  • small number
  • slow dividing
  • specialized in adult tissues
36
Q

types of stem cells

A
  • embryonic stem cells
  • adult stem cells
  • induced pluripotent stem cells or iPS
  • cancer stem cells
37
Q

totipotent

A

capable of giving rise to any cell type or complete embryo

38
Q

pluripotent

A

capable of giving rise to many different cell types

39
Q

multipotent

A

capable of giving rise to limited set of cell types

40
Q

embryonic stem cell

A
  • taken from inner cell mass of early embryo at blastocyst stage
  • can be maintained in culture almost indefinitely
  • can differentiate into many cell types depending on growth factors and hormones
41
Q

types of adult stem cells

A
  • soted in particular niches
  • intestinal stem cells
  • epidermal stem cells
  • hemopoietic(hematopoietic) stem cells in the bone marrow
  • hair follicle stem cells
42
Q

intestinal stem cells

A
  • types of adult stem cell
  • lie near bottom of crypt
  • slow dividing, cycle time: >24 hrs.
  • producing rapid dividing progenitor cells, cycle time: ~12 hrs
43
Q

hair follicle stem cell

A
  • type of adult stem cell
  • wnt signaling induces stem cell proliferation by inhibiting APC
  • found in the bulge
44
Q

epidermal stem cells

A
  • type of adult stem cell

- st basal layer adherent to basal lamina

45
Q

hemopoietic or hematopoietic stem cell

A
  • type of adult stem cell
  • found in bone marrow
  • can divide and differentiate into many different cell types
46
Q

induced pluripotent stem cell

A
  • use differentiated cells from adult
  • introduce three key genes: Sox-2, Oct-4 and c-Myc
  • differentiated stem cells return to undifferentiated and pluripotent status, iPS
  • iPS then can differentiate into many different cell types
47
Q

cancer stem cell

A
  • express cell surface markers that are associated with stem-like cells
  • share at least two features with normal stem cells: self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential
  • comprise around 0.1-10% of cancer cell population
  • display high activity of signal cascades that define stem cells (Wnt)
  • more resistant to common therapy than differentiated tumor cells

Psych Final (21 decks)

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