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Psych Final > Bio Test 2a > Flashcards

Bio Test 2a Flashcards

1
Q

what make up the neuron

A

cell body, axon, terminals and dendrites

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2
Q

three conformations of Na+ Channel

A

closed
open
inactivated

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3
Q

closed Na+ channel

A

polarized membrane, resting state, maintain membrane potential, -60 mV

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4
Q

opened Na+ channel

A

membrane depolarized, Na+ flows in, -60 mV to 40 mV

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5
Q

inactivated Na+ channel

A

allows channel to desensitize and not respond to second signal, if opened then could depolarize membrane more and damage cell

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6
Q

what causes an action potential

A

depolarization of plasma membrane from -60 mV to -40 mV, mediated by voltage-gated Na+ channel

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7
Q

propagation of action potentials

A

action potential travels away from site of depolarization, one direction only, movement of electrical signal

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8
Q

synapse

A

specialized junctions between the transmitting and receiving cells

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9
Q

voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

A

regulated by membrane potential

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10
Q

electrical signals are converted to…

A

chemical signals

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11
Q

neurotransmitter

A

small signaling molecule that converts an electrical signal to a chemical signal

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12
Q

where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

synaptic vesicle

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13
Q

what triggers the release of neurotransmitters?

A

the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

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14
Q

where does the conversion of electrical signal to chemical signal happen?

A

at the nerve terminals to relay the signal to the target cells

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15
Q

process of converting chemical signal back to electrical

A

neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter binds to neurotransmitter receptor concentrated in postsynaptic membrane
transmitter-gated ion channels open
action potential generated on target cell

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16
Q

excitatory neurons

A

cause postsynaptic cell to fire an action potential

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17
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
gultamate
serotonin

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18
Q

receptors for excitatory signals allow what two ions to pass?

A

Na+

Ca2+

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19
Q

inhibitory neurons

A

prevent postsynaptic cell from firing

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20
Q

strychnine

A

causes muscle spasms by blocking inhibitory signals

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21
Q

curare

A

relaxes muscle by blocks excitatory signals

22
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA

glycine

23
Q

receptors for inhibitory signals allow what ions through?

A

Cl-

24
Q

neurotransmitters are major targets for what?

A

psychoactive drugs

25
Q

What binds to GABA-gated Cl- channels?

A

barbiturates

tranquilizers

26
Q

What neurotransmitter’s reuptake is blocked by an antidepressant?

A

serotonin

27
Q

What are the four ways of cell communication?

A

endocrine
paracrine
neuronal
contact-dependent

28
Q

endocrine

A

long distance
uses hormones as communication tool and are long-lived
through the circulatory system

29
Q

paracrine

A 
short distance (ex. growth  factor)
short-lived and have local effect
might influence back to signaling cell, process called autocrine
coordinate activities of neighboring cells
30
Q

neuronal

A

specific to nervous system
signal molecules are neurotransmitters
short-lived
happens over a synapse

31
Q

contact-dependent

A

membrane proteins on contacting cells

between 2 adjacent cells

32
Q

intracellular receptors

A

smal hydrophobic signal molecules (hormones)

signal receptor complex enters nucleus and binds DNA

33
Q

what does the intracellular receptor NO do?

A

it cause the relaxation of smooth muscle cells

34
Q

what are the two types of intracellular receptors?

A 
hormones
Nitric oxide (NO)
35
Q

what are the three classes of cell surface receptors?

A

ion-channel-coupled receptors
G-protein-coupled receptors
enzyme-coupled receptors

36
Q

ion-channel-coupled receptors

A

ion channel and receptor

37
Q

what is a coupled receptor?

A

receptor that is also something else at the exact same time

38
Q

G-protein-coupled receptors

A

G-protein and receptor are completely separate but associate with each other

39
Q

enzyme-coupled receptors

A

a receptor that is also an enzyme at the same time

40
Q

characteristics of a signal cascade

A 
binding of signal and receptor
receptor pases the signal to intracellular signaling molecules
signal amplification
integration or divergence of signals
trigger fast and/or slow responses
41
Q

what are two common mechanisms that amplify signals?

A

phosphorylation

GTP-GDP

42
Q

responses to a signal cascade

A

the cell survives
the grows and divides
the cell differentiates (gains a specialized function)
the cell dies

43
Q

signal cascade

A 
extracellular signal molecule
receptor protein
intracellular signaling molecules
effector proteins
cell responses
44
Q

why are cellular responses fast or slow?

A

When the response is fast, the receptor just changes the proteins function and cell structure, but when the response is slow, the receptor goes through the nucleus, binds to DNA and begins active transcription.

45
Q

activation of intracellular molecules can be done in what two ways?

A

phosphorylation

GTP-binding protein

46
Q

activation of intracellular molecules through phosphorylation

A

protein kinase is an enzyme that changes ATP to ADP by losing a phosphate group, then after the target cell has received signal, protein phosphatase removes the phosphate

47
Q

activation of intracellular molecules by GTP-binding protein

A

has binding site for GDP and GTP, takes off GDP and replaces with GTP through GTP binding, and after signal is received, GTP hydrolysis removes a phosphate to return it to GDP

48
Q

G-protein coupled receptors

A
  • typical 7-pass transmembrane proteins
  • 3 domains: transmembrane
    intracellular
    extracellular
  • primarily for: vision, smell, taste and chemoreception
49
Q

G-protein

A
  • 3 subunits or heterotrimer
  • alpha subunit binds GDP and GTP
  • breaks into two signaling units upon activation aplha and beta/lamda signaling units
50
Q

G-protein coupled receptor process

A
  • an inactive g-protein comes into contact with transmembrane protein
  • the signal molecule signals the protein and the G-protein activates
  • protein breaks into two subunits through GTP binding
  • the beta/lambda complex comes to the channel and signals it to open
  • the alpha complex then goes through hydrolysis
  • the three subunits then reconnect an return to inactivated state

Psych Final (21 decks)

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