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Psych Final > Bio Test 4a > Flashcards

Bio Test 4a Flashcards

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1
Q

the M phase is made up of?

A
  • mitosis: divides DNA

- cytokenesis: divides cellular content and cytoplasm

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2
Q

M phase

A

to accurately separate and distribute chromosomes

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3
Q

sister chromatids

A

duplicated chromosomes

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4
Q

centrosome

A
  • microtubule organizing center
  • is composed of Y-tubulin rings
  • contains pair of centrioles which is also composed of microtubules
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5
Q

Y-tubulin

A

where microtubules begin to grow from

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6
Q

What are the five stages of mitosis?

A 
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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7
Q

prophase

A
  • condensation of chromosomes, condensins coils up single DNA molecule
  • duplication and separation of centrosome
  • assembly of microtubules
  • breakdown of nuclear envelope
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8
Q

prometaphase

A
  • attachment of chromosomes to microtubules at kinetochore sites
  • mitotic spindles is complex cytoskeletal machine which is composed of microtubules to separate replicated chromosomes
  • three kinds of microtubules: aster, kinetochore, and interpolar
  • chromosomes begin active movement
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9
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes aligned at mitotic spindle equator

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10
Q

anaphase

A

separation of sister chromatids by shortening interpolar microtubules and move apart of centrosomes

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11
Q

telophase

A
  • daughter chromosomes arrive at poles
  • reassemble of nuclear envelope
  • assembly of contractile ring for cytokenesis
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12
Q

cytokenesis

A
  • cytoplasmic division
  • different cytoskeletal structure is responsible for cytokenesis called contractile ring which consists of myosin and actin filaments
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13
Q

structure of microtubules

A
  • tubulin hetero-dimers to 13 protofilaments to hollow tube

- polarity: beta-tubulin is the positive end growing faster

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14
Q

major functions of microtubules

A
  • anchoring membrane-enclosed organelles
  • guiding intracellular transport
  • cell division
  • movement of cilia and flagella
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15
Q

guiding intracellular transport

A
  • mediated by motor proteins (kinesin and dynein)
  • conduct directional movement
  • kinesins move towards positive end; dyneins to the negative end
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16
Q

Major functions of actin filaments

A
  • special cell structure
  • cell shape (contractile bundles)
  • cell migration
  • cell division (contractile ring)
  • intracellular transport
  • muscle contraction
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17
Q

characteristics of cell migration

A
  • lamellipodium
  • filopodium
  • intracellular changes
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18
Q

lamellipodium

A

sheet-like structure at the leading edge of crawling cells

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19
Q

filopodium

A

thread-like structure at the leading edge of crawling cells

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20
Q

intracellular changes in cell migration

A
  • protrusion: forming filopodia and lamellipodia
  • focal adhesion: using integrins proteins
  • attachment and traction
  • contraction at the back
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21
Q

drugs that interfere with microtubule assembly have been used to treat what disease?

A

cancer

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22
Q

name the two subunits of microtubules….

A
  • beta-tubulin (positive end)

- alpha-tubulin (minus end)

23
Q

taxol

A

binds and stabilizes microtubules

24
Q

colchicine

A

binds subunits and prevents polymerization

25
Q

phalloidin

A

binds and stabilizes filaments

26
Q

cytochalasin

A

caps filament plus end

27
Q

names for chromosomes

A
  • homologous chromosomes
  • sister chromatids
  • daughter chromosomes
28
Q

Meiosis

A

important for sexual reproduction, creates gametes which reduces the number of chromosomes in half (adults are diploid and gametes are haploid)

29
Q

germ-line cells

A

only cells that can undergo meiosis to produce gametes

30
Q

what are the unique features of meiosis?

A
  • synapsis
  • homologous recombination
  • reduction division
  • create genetic variations by crossing over and independent assortment
31
Q

synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes pair along their length

32
Q

homologous recombination

A

genetic exchange between homologous chromosomes

33
Q

reduction division

A

two successive divisions

34
Q

Stages of Meiosis

A
  • Meiotic division I

- Meiotic division II

35
Q

Meiotic division I

A
  • pairing of homologous chromosomes
  • homologous chromosomes cross over to form chiasma
  • genetic recombination occurs
  • separate homologous chromosomes
  • sister chromatids are no longer identical due to crossing over
36
Q

chiasma

A

site at which crossing over occurs

37
Q

Meiotic division II

A

separate sister chromatids

38
Q

genetic variations in meiosis

A
  • crossovers during meiotic prophase I
  • independent assortment of maternal and paternal homologous during metaphase I and anaphase I
  • fertilization
39
Q

nondisjunction

A

improper separation of DNA during meiosis

  • aneuploidy
  • could happen during meiotic I and II
  • resulting in trisomy or monosomy
  • trisomy 21
40
Q

aneuploidy

A

abnormal number of chromosomes in cells

41
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome gene that is affected

42
Q

transposons

A

transposable DNA elements

  • same repetitive sequence on the ends
  • bacterial transposons usually carry antibiotic resistant gene
  • transposons in humans
43
Q

What technique is used for transposition in bacteria?

A
  • nonreplicative (cut and paste)

- replicative

44
Q

transposons in humans

A
  • two types: transposon (DNA to DNA) and retroteansposon (DNA to RNA to DNA)
  • make up 50% of human genome
  • Alu and L-1 elements are retrotransposons
  • viruses behave like transposons
45
Q

Alu

A

enes up in introns or non-coding regions

46
Q

Prophase I in meiosis

A

homologous chromosomes become closely associated in synapsis, exchange segments via crossing over, and then separate

47
Q

Metaphase I in meiosis

A
  • terminal chiasmata holds homologous pair together
  • spindle microtubules attach kinetochore proteins on outside of centrosome
  • joined pairs of homologues line up in middle
48
Q

Anaphase I in meiosis

A
  • spindle fivers begin to shorten and pull whole centromeres toward poles
  • each pole receives member of homologous pair
49
Q

Telophase I in meiosis

A
  • chromosome are segregated into two clusters; on at each pole
  • nuclear membrane re-forms
50
Q

Prophase II in meiosis

A

nuclear envelope breaks down

51
Q

Metaphase II in meiosis

A

sister chromatids line up in middle

52
Q

Anaphase II in meiosis

A

sister chromatids move to opposite poles

53
Q

Telophase II in meiosis

A

nuclear envelope re-forms

Psych Final (21 decks)

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