Social T1 Flashcards
A ‘self-schema’ is
an internalised cognitive framework or belief system relating to ourselves which inform our perception and attention. They can relate to personality traits, physical characteristics, and interests.
A study examining impression-management that evaluates the effectiveness of a certain type of bragging
Sezer, Gino & Norton (2018)
A study on temporal comparisons
Wilson and Ross (2001)
A study showing a real-world application of theory on possible selves.
Oyserman and Markus (1990)
Classical Study on Self-Discrepancy Theory
Higgins et al 1986
Actual, Ideal and Ought Self
- how a person sees the self at the present time
- how a person would like to see the self
- how a person thinks they ought to be, based on ideals of duty and responsibility.
Shim, Lee-Won & Park, 2016?
people with public self-consciousness make more effort to present themselves positively -> posting pictures having fun or being with friends
Discursive psychology
language is viewed as social action, through which people construct their social world.
Downward social comparison
I am ‘better’ than the other in a specific domain
Findings and Methods of Higgins et al. 1986
gathered data on participants’ self-discrepancies had them describe differences between actual/ideal and actual/ought high actual/ideal discrepancy participants = dejection (sad, disappointed)high actual/ought discrepancy participants = agitation low discrepancy no significant changes
What assumption can we make about Maxine, who feels like being a mother, someone who enjoys football and wine, is connected?
Maxine has an interdependent self-construal (and not social identity), which is typical in a collectivist culture
Froming, Allen and Jensen (1985) study
1st, 2nd and 3rd American graders donated M&M candies to other children: in private or in the presence of an evaluative adult (who watched the child), a nonevaluative adult (present but busy looking at papers), or in front of a mirrorevaluative presence => increased donations among older children (2nd and 3rd graders) less donations made in privatefindings by proposing that older children had learned that the social norm for helping behaviour was valued by adults, and so they complied with this norm in the presence of an adult. public self-awareness was activated in the presence of an attentive adult, and the older children showed more pro-social behaviour.
Gestalt psychology
partly emerged out of the limitations of behaviourism. focuses on a more holistic view as perception is important in determining attitudes and behaviours → Kurt Lewin’s force field analysis
How might Bem’s self-perception theory offer a better explanation
Attitudes may be changed through a self-attributional process when the behaviour falls within a range of personally acceptable conduct. So when someone acts outside of this range of acceptable behaviour cognitive dissonance resolution accont better for attitude change
Impression management
active process of self-presentationpeople take steps to monitor their presentation of self in their interactions with others, so that they appear to others in the best possible light.
Impression-management describes
managing your self-presentation
Lewandowski, Nardone and Raines (2010) Findings
self-concept clarity bolsters wellbeinglisting times when participants felt their behaviour was consistent with self-concept vs. participants that were assigned to self-concept confusion condition had to do the inversionparticipants in the clearity condition felt bettershows that it is not personality variable -> Nezlek & Plesko 2001 p.58
Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1978) Study and Conclusion
the development of self-awareness:
* placed a spot of rouge on the noses of infants aged 9- 12 months and sat them in front of a mirror
* looked at their mirror image with no recognition and no effort to touch the rouge on their own noses.
= lack of awareness, self-concept children around 18 months of age who performed the same task made a concerted effort to rub the rouge from their own noses. p.58
Miller (1984) Culture and the development of everyday social explanation what is the key finding?
As they grew older, American children were found by Miller (1984) to place increasing reliance upon disposition as an explanation of events observed. Hindu children of India, by contrast, based their explanations more on situations.
Multiple role theory
Theory asserting that it is beneficial for a person’s health and well being to have multiple self-identities.
Multiple Role Theory
self-identifying with different roles (parent, friend, employee)stabalising effect (growth and enjoyment vs. negative emotions)
One study illustrating self-perception theory?
Van Gyn, Wenger and Gaul (1990)
Possible selves (Oyserman, Markus 90)
future-oriented components of the self-conceptthe link between the self-concept and a motivation to actimagined selves we could, would like to become, or are scared of becoming. incentive future behaviours and function as criteria against which outcomes are evaluated.
Private Self-consciousness
Chronic private self-awareness and concern about pnvate aspects of the self.
Public Self-awareness (Buss 1980)
a person becomes aware of the public aspects of the self and how they could be judged by other people
Public Self-consciousness
Chronic public self-awareness and concern about how one looks and is evaluated by others.
Replication
direct/exact: study is repeated as exactly as possible → way to verify the validity of research results or methods
BUT: realistically impossible
conceptual: ability to replicate the results after changing the methods used so that the results can be applied generally
Schematic’ and ‘aschematic’ mean…
particularly important or unimportant to a person’s sense of self
Self-awareness
state of being aware of one’s unique characteristics, feelings and behaviours, which develops in early childhood.
Self-Concept Clarity (Campbell et. al. 1996)
The extent to which self-schemas are clearly and confidently defined, consistent with each other, and stable across time.
Self-discrepancy theory
people’s awareness of between how they are, how they would like to be and how they think they ought to be (ideal, actual, ought)Higgins, 1987
Self-perception (Bem, 1972)
people may learn about themselves by examining their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours. behaviours are considered most important because they are more objective and easier to observe
What did Markus (1977) find?
What is an independent self-construal, and when are they common?
What is an interdependent self-construal, and when are they common?
What was Miller (1984) about, and what was the conclusion?
- Compared 4 age groups of Indian and Americans who narrated prosocial and antisocial behaviour and gave theoir spontaneous explanations
- Miller coded the responses
- In western cultures: more internal attributions with increasing age
What was Schwartz’s (1991) study about ?
- participants asked to recall 6 vs. 12 assertive or friendly
- some only had to do 6 vs 6
- participants saw themselves as less assertive/friendly after listing 12 because too many to remember (availability bias and attributional processes)
