Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Premade Weekly Decks > BIO T3 > Flashcards

BIO T3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which six methods can be used to record brain activity while a behaviour is occuing?

A
  1. record from electrodes in the brain
  2. electroencephalograph (EEG)
  3. evoked potentials
  4. magnetoencephalograph (MEG)
  5. positron emission tomography (PET)
  6. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Records changes in brain activity from the scalp by miliseconds with poor location signal resolution

A

EEG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Records magnetic fields in brain activity from the scalp by miliseconds with poor location signal resolution

A

MEG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Uses radiation to measure brain activity changes over time and location

A

PET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Invasive way of stimulating a brain area, rarely used with humans but frequently with lab animals

A

stimulating electrodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Records changes in brain activity from the scalp by miliseconds with poor location signal resolution in response to a stimuli

A

evoked potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Measures changes in brain activity over around 1 second and identifies locatin within 1 to 2mm

A

fMRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Uses radiation to map brain areas

A

CAT
| uses X-rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Maps brain areas in detail using magnetic fields

A

MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Invasive way of recording brain activity, rarely used with humans but frequently with lab animals

A

record from electrodesin the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Way of examining stimulating effects in any particular type of cell frequently with lab animals

A

optogenetic stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

inflicting controlled damage

A

lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

removing a brain area

A

ablation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

intense application of magnetic stimulation to temporarily deactivate a brain area

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are ways to study brain-behaviour connection?

A

Investigating Brain Damage
* observing effects of deliberate stimulation TMS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is optogenetics and why is it used?

A

Research field in which particular cells are stimulated through light
* Psychiatric and medical disorders (narcolepsy) because controlling excitatory and inhibitory functions can be seen/measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an EEG mainly used for?

A

distinguish between wakefulness and sleep stages, if measured repeatedly also for epilepsy; evoked potentials/responses in children that cannot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s the benefit of a MEG?

A

Shows temporal changes accurately in 1ms; can identify the amount of time an area responds which forms a wave from point of origin to processing areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a PET device called and how does it measure activity?

A

Cyclotron
* radioactive glucose (a sugar) is injected into a vein
→ PET measures where glucose is used as an indicator of brain activity
→ radioactive atom enhancement decays and releases positron
→ positron collides with neighbouring neurons by sending two gamma rays in the opposite direction
→ PET measures how much radioactive chemicals are in one area from the middle of the two gamma rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why are PETs being replaced with fMRIs?

A

expensive , inaccessible and potentially dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the difference between fMRI and MRI?

A

MRI records energy released by water molecules after removal of a magnetic field and fMRI does the same for hemoglobin which binds to oxygen whereby hemoglobin with and without oxygen react differently to fMRIs

22
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of fMRI?

A
  • Brain activity increases blood flow, aka more haemoglobin to react to, increases oxygen use, so amount of haemoglobin without oxygen decreases → measuring people falling asleep
  • Scans (need more data) + interpretation is difficult (researchers take mean activity, reduce certain areas to their reaction during a task)
23
Q

What is phrenology and surrounding issues?

A

Inferring brain functions and behaviour form skull

24
Q

What is a sterotaxic Instrument?

A

Device with an electrode tip which is inserted into a hole in the skull and passes an electrical current in then damaged brain area

25
Q

What are the different forms of lesions ?

A

Electric - most damaging to axons and neuronsChemical - more common because it either damages, temporarily suspends neurons or synapsesGene-knockout approach - induce a mutation in a gene regulating neural cells, transmitters or receptors

26
Q

How does transcranial magnetic stimulation work?

A

Magnetic stimulation is applied to the scalp whereby stong stimulation produces a virtual lesion as it deactivates neurons below the magnets –> allows non invasive study of lesions on brain-behaviour link

27
Q

excitotoxic lesion

A

A brain lesion produced by intracerebra l injection of an excitatory amino acid, such as kainic acid.

28
Q

stereotaxic surgery (stair ee oh tak sik)

A

Brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in a specified position of the brain.

29
Q

bregma

A

The junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull; often used as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery.*

30
Q

stereotaxic atlas

A

A collection of drawings of sections of the brain ofa particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery.

31
Q

fixative

A

A chemical such as formalin; used to prepare and preserve body tissue. formalin (for ma /in) The aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas; the most commonly used tissue fixative.

32
Q

stereotaxic apparatus

A

A device that permits a surgeon to position an electrode or cannula into a specific part of the brain.

33
Q

microtome

A

An instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissues.

34
Q

anterograde labeling method

A

A histological method that labels the axons and terminal buttons of neurons whose cell bodies are located in a particular region.*

35
Q

immunocytochemical method

A

A histological method that uses radioactive antibodies or antibodies bound with a dye molecule to indicate the presence of particular proteins of peptides.*

36
Q

retrograde labeling method

A

A histological method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region.*

37
Q

transneuronal tracing method.

A

A tracing method that identifies a series of neurons that form serial synaptic connections with each other, either in an anterograde or retrograde direction; involves infection of specific neurons with weakened forms of rabies or herpes viruses*

38
Q

optogenetic methods

A

The use of a genetically modified virus to insert light-sensitive ion channels into the membrane of particular neurons in the brain; can depolarize or hyperpolarize the neurons when light of the appropriate wavelength is applied.<img></img>*

39
Q

microelectrode

A

A very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons.<img></img>

40
Q

single-unit recording

A

Recording of the electrical activity of a single neuron.

41
Q

Give three examples of constructs that can be measured using standardised behavioural tasks in rodents.

A

Forced swim, tail suspension and learned helplessness tests.Tests of anhedonia (for example, sucrose preference, social interaction and sexual behaviour).
* Diverse tests of attention, working memory and episodic memory or prepulse inhibition.

42
Q

Q: What are behavioural assays used for in animal models of schizophrenia?

A

A: Behavioural assays are used to assess the face validity of animal models of schizophrenia.

43
Q

What assays might be useful in initial screens?

A

Assays based on acute stress procedures or anxiety-like behaviour might be useful in initial screens, but such screens should not be used as definitive evidence of a depression phenotype. Greater focus on anhedonia and homeostatic symptoms and broadening the scope of these assays would add a useful objective dimension to rodent studies.

44
Q

Q: Do the transgenic mouse models have construct validity?

A

A: The transgenic mouse models meet some criteria for face and predictive validity, but not construct validity

45
Q

What is the issue surrounding construct validity and the use of animal research in psychopathology?

A
  1. Injecting animals with a known genetic mutation linked to the disease → not possible
  2. Altering the expression of proteins hypothesised to lead to disease pathogenesis → lack of human evidenceExposure to validated environmental risk factors → not as straightforward
  3. how penetrant a given genetic variant is in producing a disorder/ how clearly linked; lack of human evidence for common genetic variants being irrefutably linked to mental health conditions*
46
Q

The study of humans with brain injuries allowed researchers to find that patients with deficits in speech also presented lesion in_________ area.
a. Amigdala
b. Broca
c. Hippocampus
d. occipital lobe

A

B

47
Q

The main purpose of the Diffusion tensor imaging technique is that it helps researchers identify:
a. which brain regions are particularly active during certain stimuli.
b. how specific brain regions look when they are damaged.
c. white matter and how different brain regions are connected.
d. the timing of brain activity relative to presentation of certain visual stimuli

A

C

48
Q

A researcher wants to compare the volume of grey matter in the brain during development, starting in early development until adulthood. Which of the following methods would be the most suitable?
a. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
b. Computerized tomography (CT)
c. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
d. Optogenetic stimulation

A

A

49
Q

What’s the defining difference between MRI and CT

A

Although CT is used for structural/anatomical imaging of the brain, it requires X-rays - this is not the most suitable to be used in child and multiple times during development.

50
Q

Which of the following statements is MOST true regarding the brains of severely depressed patients?
a. Severely depressed patients’ brains show increased hippocampal volumes as compared to controls.
b. Severely depressed patients’ brains have a lower hippocampal function as compared to healthy individuals.
c. Severely depressed patients’ brains havehigher concentrations of 5-HT and catecholamines.
d. Severely depressed patients’ brains are characterised by up-regulated adult neurogenesis.

A

B

51
Q

How invasive are the different neuroimaging techniques?

A
52
Q

Intracranial cannula

A

Premade Weekly Decks (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions