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Premade Weekly Decks > BIO T5 > Flashcards

BIO T5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the measurement unit for loud sounds?

A

decibels (dB)

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2
Q

Frequency is measured in X and describes….

A

the rate at which sound waves oscillateX= hertz (Hz)

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3
Q

Part of the outer ear are the:

A
  • the pinna
  • auditory canal
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4
Q

Part of the middle ear are the

A
  • ossicles
  • tympanic membrane
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5
Q

Part of the inner ear are

A
  • oval window
  • cochlea
  • auditory vestibular nerve
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6
Q

What is the importance of hair cell depolarization in auditory perception?

A

crucial for the transduction of mechanical stimuli (sound waves) into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain, enabling us to hear and perceive sound.

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7
Q

What is the specific neurotransmitter released by hair cells in the cochlea to stimulate sensory neurons?

A

Glutamate

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8
Q

How are the calium and potassium channels in the hair cells connected?

A

The intracellular release of calium during depolarisation also controls the potassium channels

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9
Q

What is the auditory range of humans?

A

0-200db/20-20.000Hz
20-50db for Normal Speech

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10
Q

What is the abbreviated pathway of sound to the ear?

A

Sound waves gathered into the outer ear aretransduced from air pressure into mechanicalenergy in the middle-ear ossicles (the hammer,anvil, and stirrup) and into electrochemicalactivity in the inner-ear cochlea.

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11
Q

McGurk effect

A

brains give more credit to visual information than to auditory input

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12
Q

THE SOUND AND THE EAR ?

A
  • Sound waves gathered into the outer ear aretransduced from air pressure into mechanicalenergy in the middle-ear ossicles (the hammer,anvil, and stirrup) and into electrochemicalactivity in the inner-ear cochlea.
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13
Q

Why doesn’t unilateral damage to the inferior colliculus ormedial geniculate nucleus lead to deafness in one ear?

A

sound is split

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14
Q

What is the role of the basilar membrane in sound detection?

A

The basilar membrane senses different sound frequencies at specific locations.
* Low-frequency sounds: The membrane vibrates in synchrony with the sound waves.
* The number of firing cells identifies loudness

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15
Q

What happens in theTonotopic maps on the basilar membrane and cochlear nucleus?

A

From the base to the apex of the cochlea, the basilar membrane resonates with increasingly lower frequencies. This tonotopy is preserved in the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus.

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16
Q

Why does sound localisation vary?

A

Across three domains:
* Difference in time of arrival
* Difference in intensity between the ears (sound shadow)
* Phase difference between the ears

17
Q

How common are hearing disorders?

A

Hearing loss is the third most common condition among older adults
* 25-40% of people over 65 years old
* 50% of people over 75
* 80% of people over 85

18
Q

What leads to conductive hearing loss

A

Diseases, infections, or tumorous bone growth can prevent the middle ear from transmitting sound waves properly to the cochlea. It includes all pathologies in the external and middle ear.

19
Q

What leads to sensorineural hearing loss

A

Nerve deafness: damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve (disease, exposure to loud noises)

20
Q

Presbycusis

A

Age-Related Hearing Loss

21
Q

Age-Related Hearing Loss

A

Degeneration of the sensory cells in the cochlea, supportingcells and auditory nerve; brain areas responsible for languagecomprehension become less active, decreased attentionalcapacities

22
Q

Cochlear implant

A

medical device that uses electricity tostimulate the spiral ganglion cells of the auditory nerve torestore sensorineural hearing loss<img></img>

23
Q

LANGUAGE PERCEPTION

A

Listening to speech activates extensive areas in the temporal lobe, with the activation strongly biased toward the left hemisphere
* Early organization of auditory areas and lateralization for language similar to adults.

24
Q

Developmental changes in native language phonetic perception?

A

Significant increase in performance for the native-language contrast in the first year
* Decline in nonnative perception over the same time period
* <img></img>

25
Q

Transduction by hair cell

A
26
Q

Depolarization of a hair cell

A
27
Q

THE AUDITORY PATHWAY

A
28
Q

How does sound localisation vary?

A
29
Q

What leads to central auditory processing disorders

A
30
Q

What can be said about brain activity in musicians and non-musicians?

A

Nonmusicians showed larger activity on the right than the left hemisphere, whereas musicians showed symmetrical activation

31
Q

How can we hear sound?

A

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