BIO T7 Flashcards
Which type of memory is often associated with skills, habits, and conditioning, and is typically acquired through repetition and practice?
a) Declarative memory
b) Non-declarative memory
c) Episodic memory
d) Working memory
b
Which type of memory is typically involved in consciously recalling factual information, such as historical dates or personal experiences?
a) Declarative memory
b) Non-declarative memory
c) Procedural memory
d) Semantic memory
a
How would damage to the striatum affect memory?
A. Procedural memory would be affected, one would have odd emotional responses
B. Episodic memory would be affected, one would lose learned skills and habits
C. Procedural memory would be affected, one would lose learned skills and habits
D. Episodic memory would be affected, one would have odd emotional responses
C
How would damage to the cerebellum affect memory?
A. One would learn odd emotional responses
B. One would lose learned skills and habits
C. One would lose motor coordination
D. One would have odd linguistic responses
C| Skeletal musculature
How would damage to the amygdala affect memory?
A. One would learn odd emotional responses
B. One would lose learned skills and habits
C. One would lose spatial coordination
D. One would have odd linguistic responses
A
Which brain structures are implied in classical conditioning?
A. cerebum & amygdala
B. amygdala & hypothalamus
C. hypothalamus & cerebellum
D. cerebellum & amygdala
D
Place field cells are most likely to be found in which brain region?
a) Hippocampus
b) Prefrontal cortex
c) Cerebellum
d) Amygdala
a
Which of the following tasks would most likely be impaired by damage to place field cells?
a) Recognizing faces
b) Recalling past events
c) Finding one’s way in a familiar environment
d) Performing mathematical calculations
c
What are the three kinds of learning?
Non-associative Learning
1. Habituation
2. Sensitization
Associative Learning
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
Observational Learning
*Ex: Bandura’s findings in the Bobo doll experiments
What is the hebbian synapse?
When one cell consistently activates another, the connection between them is strengthened. If it consistently fails to do so, the connection between them is unchanged or weakened* <img></img>
What role do synapses play in memory?
provides a site for the neuralbasis of learning, a relatively permanent change in behavior, that results from experience
What does the habitutation of the aplysia show? (initially a gill-withdrawl effect)
decreased Ca2+ influx and subsequently less neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic axon terminal
What does the sensitisation of the aplysia suggest? (initially a gill-withdrawl effect)?
increased Ca2+ influx and subsequently more neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic axon terminal.
What would happen to a sensory and motor neuron during non-associative learning
more synapses or less
What is long-term potention?
A long-lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after high-frequency stimulation
Short-term memory
storage of information for a limited time
Long-term memory
storage of of information, that lasts in time – we can recall for days, months, or years after was originally stored
Working memory
limited in capacity and require rehearsal – information held “in mind” – e.g. when someone tells you his or her phone number, you can retain it for a limited period of time by repeating it
Patient H.M. got a bileterall excision of the medialtemporal lobe, including cortex, amygdala, and partof the hippocampus because of epilepsy* <img></img>what would a result look like? if he took a mirror tracing test?
- Severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memory (impairment of long-term memory)
- Partial retrograde amnesia (loss of episodic/declarative memories)
- Better implicit than explicit memory (nearly intact procedural memory)
- Normal working memory
The neuronal mechanisms underlying declarative memory, procedural memory or working memory are
different
Declarative memory (episodic) depends on
the medial temporal cortex and hippocampus
are important for processing andconsolidating new declarative memories
The medial temporal cortex and hippocampus
Morris water maze
rats with hippocampal lesions do not learn
Place Cells:
respond selectively only when a mouse is in a certain location in its environment º* <img></img>
A rat explores a small box for 10 minutes (left panels). Then the partition is removed, so the rat can explore a larger area (center and right panels).<img></img>explain
In this case, an electrode is next to a cell in the hippocampus that does not respond when the rat is in the smaller upper box(left). In the first 10 minutes after the partition is removed, the cell also does not respond (center).But after another 10 minutes, a place field develops in the new larger box (right).
Grid cells respond to
a series of locations arranged in a hexagonal grid
Place cells receive input from…
grid cells in the entorhinal cortex
How does sensory information become memory?
What are the four important principles of observational learning?
Explain
A rat explores a small box for 10 minutes (left
panels). Then the partition is removed, so the rat
can explore a larger area (centre and right panels).
Color coding indicates the area in the box where
one place cell in the hippocampus responds: red,
large response; yellow, moderate response; blue, no
response. This cell has a place field in the smaller
upper box; when the partition is removed, it stays in
the same location
