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Premade Weekly Decks > BIO T4 > Flashcards

BIO T4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the pretectum in the visual neural pathway?

A

reflex control of pupil and lens

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2
Q

What is the role of the superior colliculus in the visual neural pathway?

A

orienting the movements of headand eyes

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3
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the visual neural pathway?

A

regulates the circadian rhythms

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4
Q

Where is the concentration of rods and cones the highest across the retina?

A
  • Rods in the periphery and in between the fovea and blind spot
  • Cones in the fovea
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5
Q

If you lost all of your cones, which of the following would likely occur?A) Loss of color visionB) Loss of peripheral visionC) Loss of night visionD) Loss of focused perception

A

A and D
| also light sensitivity

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6
Q

Lateral inhibition describes

A

the reduced activity in one neuron induced by a neighbouring neuron that is active

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7
Q

Which of the following statements best describes complex cells in the visual cortex?
a) They respond best to stationary stimuli.
b) They respond best to stimuli moving in a specific direction.
c) They are primarily involved in color perception.
d) They are sensitive to changes in brightness.

A

b

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8
Q

Which type of retinal cell is primarily responsible for transmitting visual information from photoreceptors to ganglion cells?a) Bipolar cellb) Complex cellc) Amacrine celld) Horizontal cell

A

a| receives input directly from the receptors

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9
Q

What is the primary function of end-stopped cells in visual processing?a) Detection of motionb) Perception of colorc) Recognition of facial featuresd) Detection of line orientation

A

d

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10
Q

group of ganglion cell axons that exit through the back of the eye

A

optic nerve

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11
Q

area at the back of the retina devoid of receptors

A

blind spot

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12
Q

tiny area of the retina specialized for acute, detailed vision

A

fovea

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13
Q

opening in the center of the iris where light enters

A

pupil

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14
Q

law of specific nerve energies

A

rule that whatever excites a nerve always sends the same information to the brain

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15
Q

ganglion cell

A

type of neuron in the retina that receives input from the bipolar cells

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16
Q

blind spot

A

area at the back of the retina devoid of receptors

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17
Q

neuron in the fovea of humans and other primates*

A

midget ganglion cell

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18
Q

chemical contained in rods and cones that release energy when struck by light

A

photopigment

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19
Q

horizontal cell

A

type of cell that receives input from receptors and delivers inhibitory input to*

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20
Q

thalamic nucleus that receives incoming visual information

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

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21
Q

receptive field

A

area in visual space that excites or inhibits any neuron

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22
Q

small cell body with small receptive field in or near the fovea

A

parvocellular neuron

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23
Q

large cell body with a large receptive field that is distributed evenly throughout the retina

A

magnocellular neuron

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24
Q

area responsible for the first stage of visual processing

A

primary visual cortex (area V1)

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25
Q

simple cell

A

cell that has a receptive field with fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones

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26
Q

blindsight

A

ability to respond in limited ways to visual information without perceiving it consciously

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27
Q

hypercomplex cell

A

cell that responds to a bar-shaped pattern of light in a particular orientation

28
Q

strabismus

A

condition in which the eyes do not point in the same direction

29
Q

What are cones for?

A

daytime lighting, or photopic conditions. 3 types of cones (with different photopigments)<img></img>

30
Q

What are rods?

A
  • nighttime lighting, or scotopic conditions.
  • Higher photopigment concentration.
  • More sensitive to light
  • (with different photopigments)<img></img>
31
Q

Are there rods or cones in the retina?

A

There are no rods in the central fovea, but there are manymore rods than cones in the peripheral retina

32
Q

Explain the process of phototransduction

A

<img></img> In rod cells in the dark, sodium-potassium-pump is in a depolarised state due to cGMP (glutamate release)
–> When light hits rhodopsin channel, it activates transducin
–> activates phosphodiesterase
–> phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP
–> hyperpolarised cell + decreased glutamate release
–> light stimulus! so rhodopsin is inactivated and via arrestin bound to rhodopsin transducin is blocked
–> cell becomes depolarised + glutamate release until the next light impulse hits

33
Q

What is the reason for color vision deficiency?

A

People with certain genes fail to develop one type of cone,or develop an abnormal type of cone.

34
Q

What’s the prevalence of colour blindness?

A

1 in 12* <img></img>

35
Q

Which gene is responsible for red-green colour deficiency?

A

The gene causing red-green colordeficiency, is on the X chromosome.* <img></img>

36
Q

What are parts of the parallel processing in the visual cortex?

A
  • Ventral stream (towards temporal cortex): identifying and recognizing objects and faces.
  • Dorsal stream (towards parietal cortex): important for identifying where the objects are.
37
Q

What is the IT?

A

<img></img>: inferior temporal cortex recognizes objects –>

38
Q

What’s visual agnosia

A

happens when the inferior temporal cortex is damaged and inhibits object recognition

39
Q

What is the role of the fusiform gyrus

A

recognising faces –> damage: prosopagnosia

40
Q

What is the MT?

A

Area MT: middle temporal cortex (=V5 area) –> responsible for processing visuospatial motion: inability to perceive or detect motion

41
Q

What happens if V4 is damaged?

A

loss of color vision at the corresponding location in the visual field, visual attention and object recognition issues

42
Q

What is the MST?

A

middle superior temporal cortex
* Motion perception
* Damage leads to motion blindness

43
Q

Rods –

A
  • nighttime lighting, or scotopic conditions. Higherphotopigment concentration. More sensitive to light.
44
Q

vision in the fovea?

A

<img></img>
* daytime lighting, or photopic conditions. 3 types of cones (with different photopigments)<img></img>

45
Q

In retinitis pigmentosa, early symptoms include the loss of peripheral vision and night vision. The loss of what type of cells couldlead to such symptoms?

A

rods

46
Q

What about people with maculardegeneration, which symptoms dothey have?<img></img>

A

cones

47
Q

Name the hidden parts

A
48
Q

Name the hidden parts of the eye

A
49
Q

Name the hidden parts of the eye

A
50
Q

Which ten structures are part of the visual neural pathway?

A
  1. Eye
  2. Optic nerve
  3. Optic chiasm
  4. Hypothalamus
  5. Optic tract
  6. Pretectum
  7. Superior colliculus
  8. Lateral geniculate nucleus
  9. Optic radiation
  10. Striate cortex
51
Q

What happened if I cut the optic chiasm in the middle?

A

I’d see the right visual hemisfield only with the left eye and the left visual hemisfield only with the right eye

52
Q

What are the features of light?

A
53
Q

What is astigmatism?

A
54
Q

What is presbyopia?

A
55
Q

What is myopia?

A
56
Q

What is hyperopia?

A
57
Q

What are the layers of the fovea?

A
58
Q

What is the trichromatic theory?

A

We perceive colour through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones, each one maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths.

59
Q

Which cone is missing?

A

Image as viewed by an observer lacking green cones (deuteranomaly)

60
Q

Which cone is missing?

A

Image as viewed by an observer lacking blue
cones (tritanopia)

61
Q

Which cone is missing?

A

Image as viewed by an observer lacking red cones (protanopia)

62
Q

What are the odds of inheriting colour deficiency?

A

The gene causing red-green color deficiency, is on the X chromosome.

63
Q

Which visual cortex and other brain regions are implicated in vision?

A
64
Q

How does visual information process from the V1?

A
65
Q

What is the occipital lobe’s, temporal lobe and ventral stream role in vision?

A
66
Q

explain the neurochemical processes underpinning vision

A

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