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LPI T1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality, according to Gordon Allport (1961)?

A

internal dynamic organisation of psychophysical systems that produce behavioural, emotional and cognitive patterns

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2
Q

What is the psychoanalytic approach to personality

A

psychoanalytic approach to personality was developed by Sigmund Freud. It is a clinically derived theory based on case studies of patients and Freud’s introspection about his own behaviour. The theory postulates that most of our behaviour is driven by unconscious motives

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3
Q

Which approach is Jung’s model of personality rooted in?

A

psychodynamic

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4
Q

Which dimensions are part of Jung’s model of personality?

A
  • extra/introversion
  • sensing/ thinking
  • feeling/ intuition

Basis for the Myers-Briggs indicator

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5
Q

What is the context of Jung’s model of personality rooted in?

A

Aim to combine Freud and Adler’s theories because people both incorporated extraverted and introverted components

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6
Q

Which approach is the five-factor model rooted in?

A

trait approach and factor analytic approach

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7
Q

What dimensions of personality are a part of the five-factor model?

A
  • openness
  • conscientiousness
  • extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism

OCEAN

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8
Q

What role did the lexical approach play in OCEAN?

A

Allport assumed that important personality descriptors were linguistically encoded and indicated by frequent use

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9
Q

To which effect was factor analysis used in the development of the five-factor model?

A

Cattell used a factor analysis to group and reduce the list of personality traits based on participants’ ratings on the degree to which words applied to them. This led to 16 personality factors

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10
Q

Which role do Costa and McCrae take on in the five-factor model?

A

they had participants complete two questionnaires and used the results to reduce the 16 factors to 5 factors/traits

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11
Q

What is Eysenck and Gray’s model rooted in?

A

trait approach, biological approach

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12
Q

How do Eysenck and Gray describe extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism?

A
  • sensation-seeking, sociable and assertive
  • tense, anxious, moody, irrational
  • impulsive, aggressive, antisocial, creative
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13
Q

What is highlighted in Eysenck’s model of personality?

A

the importance of genes, biological determinants of personality, neural causes of extraversion, neuroticism

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14
Q

How does Eysenck explain extraversion and introversion?

A

Extraverted: underaroused reticulo-cortical circuit leads to sensation seeking
Introverted: overaroused reticulo-cortical circuit leads to avoidance of stimulating situations

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15
Q

How is Gray’s BAS/BIS theory a modifaction of Eysenck’s ARAS?

A
  • personality is the result of variations in the behavioural approach system (BAS), behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and fight-flight system
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16
Q

What is the main criticsim of Jung’s model of personality?

A
  • incomplete account of how personality develops
  • unclear, not parsimonious explanation
  • low reliability and difficult to test but there are multiple tests
  • large heuristic value
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17
Q

What is the main criticsim of Eysenck and Gray’s model of personality?

A
  • validity of biological claims: weak relationship between arousal measured by EEG and neuroticsm (Mathhews & Gilliand, 1999)
  • psychoticism precise enough to be measurable?
  • are three factors comprehensive enough to describe personality?
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18
Q

What is the main criticsim of the five-factor model of personality?

A
  • atheoretical and data driven but syill aims to explain
  • validity of lexical approach
  • representativeness of the traits
  • personality trait measures statistically account for 10% of variance in observed behaviour so how comprehensive is the theory really (Mischel, 1968)
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19
Q

How can theory be evaluated using the acronym DEEPCHAT

A
  • Description: simplify, clarify or identify important issues
  • Explanation: help understand why behaviour
  • Empirical Validity: generating predictions that can be empirically tested
  • Parsimony: few use of terms of the explanatory concepts included
  • Comprehensiveness: breadth of a theory (e.g. explaining normal & abnormal behaviour
  • Heuristic Value: stimulate new research?
  • Applied Value: practical usefulness in a wider context -> beneficial changes
  • Testable Concepts: ability to operationalise concepts of a theory -> reliably measurable?
20
Q

Trait

A

fundamental units of personality representing dispositional responses conditional probability of a category of behaviours in a category of context (Mischel, 1999)

21
Q

Lexical Approach

A

produce descriptive models of personality traits (no explanation) based on lexical hypothesis: differences in personality are important for social interaction so they have been assigned lables that are used in varying frequency and abundace which denotes the cultural relevancy

22
Q

Eysenck Psychopathy vs. Neuroticism

A

difference in serverity: antisocial behaviour + high self-esteem vs. emotional unstability

23
Q

Who facilitated the change from categorical types into trait dimensions?

A

Wilhelm Wundt (1874) when he revisted the four temperaments and reorganised them into dimensions (unchangable/changable, emotional/unemotional)

24
Q

The strength and problem of biological theories of personality

A

usage of important psychological mechanisms vs. lack of consistent evidence (more assumed importance and oversimplification of ARAS, BAS/BIS)

25
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious between the different structures of the personality Jungian (Follower of Freud; applies to psychoanalysis too)

26
Q

biological approach

A

assumes that biological factors influence our behavior and mental well-being in a cause-and-effect include genes, influence one is predisposed to some conditions, CNS rely on empirical findings (experiments, falsibility) meaning they are provable opposed to psychodynamic approaches

27
Q

factor analytic approach?

A

used to regroup variables into a limited set of clusters, known as factors.

28
Q

In reference to personality, what is a psychological construct?

A

A mental concept that influences behaviour via the mind-body interaction.

29
Q

In considering the five-factor model of personality, Jung’s model of personality, and Eysenck & Gray’s model of personality, which one can be considered the LEAST parsimonious?

A

Jung’s model of personality describes such a wide range of structures within personality, many with overlapping functions and it is unclear how they relate

30
Q

What assumption is the nomothetic approach based upon?

A

The nomothetic approach is based upon the assumption that there is a finite set of variables in existence that can be used to describe human personality.

31
Q

Unobservable aspects of personality include such things as:

A

Thoughts, memories and dreams

32
Q

Which of the following statements best defines factor analysis?

A

It is a multivariate data reduction statistical technique

33
Q

Which statement is true?
a. Personality theorists (e.g. Jung, Freud) hold the assumption than individuals are inherently individualist
b. Personality theories transcend cultural contexts
c. Personality theory in psychology places the concept of The Self at the core of its theorising
d. Classic personality theorists were Western white men, who likely held the prevailing societal attitudes, biases, and prejudices of their time

A

A., C., D.

34
Q

According to Eysenck’s biological model of personality, how does performance/ an emotional state change depending on levels of arousal?

A
35
Q

I like to dabble with with both a trait approach and biological approach….second clue is I invented the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) toexplain that variations in extraversion and neuroticism are due to balancing excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms .

A

Eysenck

36
Q

I’m a fan of Factor analysis and some might say I’m the sweet-16 guy…The second clue is Allport left me a lot of traits to work with.

A

Cattell

37
Q

I decided to modify Eysenck’s work and like the biological approach….second clue is I proposed that personality was based on the interaction between 3different systems in the brain.

A

Gray

38
Q

Maybe Galton was right, and the the secret to personality lies in the dictionary, count the synonyms that describe a personality trait!…..The second clue is,I put a lot of effort into analysing 18000 words related to personality….

A

Allport

39
Q

I am a fan of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler’s work…..second clue is that a widely used personality inventory was developed by two women inspired bymy work.

A

Jung

40
Q

Who’s part of the The Five Factor model evolution team?

A

Allport,Cattell, Costa & McCrae

41
Q

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) and extraversion?

a) Overwhelming ARAS activity in the reticulo-cortical circuit manifests in extraversion.
b) Underwhelming ARAS activity in the reticulo-cortical circuit extraversion.
c) Overwhelming ARAS activity in the reticulo-limbic circuit introversion.
d) Underwhelming ARAS activity in the reticulo-limbic circuit introversion.

A

b

42
Q

What does ARAS signify?

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System

43
Q

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) and neuroticism?

a) Overwhelming ARAS activity in the reticulo-cortical circuit manifests in neurotic behaviour.
b) Underwhelming ARAS activity in the reticulo-cortical circuit calmness.
c) Overwhelming ARAS activity in the reticulo-limbic circuit neurotic behaviour.
d) Underwhelming ARAS activity in the reticulo-limbic circuit neurotic behaviour.

A

c

44
Q

How does Eysenck explain extraversion and neuroticism?

A
  • Overarousal of reticulo-limbic circuit: low threshold for emotional stability and easy emotional arousal neuroticism
  • Underarousal of reticulo-limbic circuit: emotional stability
45
Q

What does overactivity in the BAS lead to and why?

A

motivates to seek rewards –> impulsivity

46
Q

What does an overactive BIS lead to and why?

A

anxiety because it motivates to avoid and be sensitive to punishment

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