social psychology

Question 1

pseudopatients

Answer 1

behavior of others is consistent with the social environment they occur

Question 2

male and female participants attributed the success of a man on a masculine task to ____ but success of a woman to ___

male and female attributed the success of a man or a woman on a feminine task to ___

Answer 2

ability; luck

ability

Question 3

fundamental attribution bias

Answer 3

overestimate the role of dispositional factors, underestimate role of situational factors

Question 4

actor-observer bias

Answer 4

we are more likely to attribute our own behavior to situational factors (esp when consequences are negative)

Question 5

self-serving bias

Answer 5

blame external factors for failure and take credit for successes

Question 6

base rate fallacy

Answer 6

rely on case-specific info and ignore base rate data when estimating likelihood of an event

Question 7

confirmation bias

Answer 7

pay attention to info that confirms your belief

Question 8

misery loves miserable company

Answer 8

when highly anxious, ppl want to be with other highly anxious people; would rather be alone than be with non anxious people

Question 9

factors that affect affiliation

Answer 9

anxiety, arousability, gender

Question 10

gain loss effect

Answer 10

we are more attracted to people who don’t like us at first but then do like us

Question 11

emotion in relationship model

Answer 11

there is an innate mechanism that generates emotion whenever a partner engages in a behavior that violates expectations and disrupts ongoing sequences of behavior

Question 12

social exchange theory

Answer 12

cost/rewards

stay when rewards outweigh costs..

Question 13

equity theory

Answer 13

perception of equity

input/output

Question 14

self perception theory

Answer 14

when internal cues are insufficient or difficult to interpret, people rely on external behaviors

Question 15

epinephrine studies

Answer 15

no physiological differences between emotions; perception of emotion depends on combo of physiological arousal and a cognitive label for that arousal

Question 16

overjustification

Answer 16

when external reward is given to someone for performing an intrinsically rewarding activity and the it its taken away, intrinsic interest goes down

Question 17

self verification theory

Answer 17

once self -concept is formed, we try to obtain info that is consistent with that self concept

Question 18

hardiness; 3 factors

Answer 18

protective factor for resilience

1. commitment
2. challenge
3. control

Question 19

autokinetic effect

Answer 19

stationary point of light appears to move in a dark room- ppl usually conformed to group norm

Question 20

minority influence

Answer 20

to influence other members of the group, ppl who hold minority opinion have to use afferent strategies (clear, firm, confident)

Question 21

6 bases of social power; most successful when ___

Answer 21

coercive- control over punishments
reward - control over rewards
expert - superior ability
referent - attracted to
legitimate - legit authority
informational - has info needed

combine powers

Question 22

theory of planned behavior

Answer 22

attitudes are accurate predictors when attitude measure assess all 3 components of behavioral intention – attitude, what others think, perceived control

Question 23

credibility

Answer 23

key contributor to attitude change ; declines over time because ppl tend to remember the message but not the source

Question 24

levels of discrepancy;

as credibility increases, ___ initial discrepancy is __ for attitude change

Answer 24

attitude change is greatest when level of discrepancy between positions of the communication and recipient is in moderate range;

larger initial discrepancy; best

Question 25

primacy effect occurs when; recency effect occurs when

Answer 25

second communication immediately follows first and measure of attitude change is taken later

period of time between 2 communications and attitude measure is administered immediately after 2nd comm.

Question 26

accidental messages are ____ likely than intentional messages to induce attitude change

Answer 26

(accidentally overheard); MORE

Question 27

cognitive dissonance = ; relieved by ___

Answer 27

2 incompatible cognitions = discomfort; change attitudes or add info to downplay importance of inconsistency

Question 28

cognitive dissonance theory says that the ___ people suffer for something, the more ___ they evaluate it

Answer 28

more; positively

Question 29

balance theory

Answer 29

people like to maintain balance between themselves (P), another (O) and an idea or other (X) ; imbalance = change attitude about about O or X

Question 30

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 30

persuasion can occur

1) central route- when motivation is high because message is interesting or person is in neutral/bad mood - depends on quality of argument
2) peripheral route - depends on mental shortcuts - when listener is unmotivated bc message is boring or person is in good mood

Question 31

social judgment theory; more likely to be persuaded by messages within ____

sizes of 3 latitudes is affected by ____

Answer 31

3 categories of judgment to evaluate persuasive messages:

1) latitude of acceptance
2) latitude of non-commitment
3) latitude of rejection

within latitude of acceptance

ego involvement

Question 32

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 32

aggression is result of frustration (when goal is blocked)

Question 33

effects of media violence

Answer 33

does increase aggression

Question 34

effects of porn

Answer 34

exposure to mild erotica may reduce aggression, exposure to porn with violent themes -> increase violence towards women

Question 35

factors that affect aggression

Answer 35

1. deindividuation
2. social roles
3. catharsis
4. threat of retaliation

Question 36

causes of prejudice

Answer 36

1. authoritarian personality
2. intergroup conflict - competition over power, $
3. group identity -

Question 37

Robber’s cave study; only strategy successful in reducing conflict:

Answer 37

in group/out group conflict

intro of superordinate goals

Question 38

jigsaw method learning

Answer 38

each student group was in charge of teaching others their topic; good for reducing stereotyping and increases liking of those in other groups

Question 39

bystander apathy; less likely to intervene when

Answer 39

in presence of others; greater the #, greater the apathy

Question 40

field theory

Answer 40

human behavior is always a function of the person and the physical and social environment

Question 41

Zeigarnik effect

Answer 41

memory is better for uncompleted tasks than completed tasks (esp in non stressful conditions)

Question 42

crowding is fine for __but b ad for __

Answer 42

simple tasks; complex tasks

Question 43

factors that affect response to crowding

Answer 43

1. perception of control -
2. gender -men need more personal space
3. nature of situation