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My EPPP > psychopharm & brain structures > Flashcards

psychopharm & brain structures Flashcards

1
Q

neuron loss and place of regeneration

A

less than 2% by age 70

hippocampus, caudate nucleus

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2
Q

conduction

A

messages within a neuron are transmitted from dendrites to the end of its axon

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3
Q

action potential

A

electrical impulse that travels quickly through the cell

depolarization (interior of cell becomes less negative) is followed by repolarization (positively charged potassium ions to leave)

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4
Q

all or none principle

A

whenever the stimulation received by a neuron exceeds a given threshold, the resulting action potential will always be the same intensity

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5
Q

synaptic transmission

A

transmission of information from one nerve cell to another is chemically mediated

release of neurotransmitter to synaptic cleft

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6
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that transmit signals from one neuron to another

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7
Q

Acetylcholine

A

found in peripheral and central nervous systems

peripheral: causes muscles to contract (Myasthenia gravis)

CNS: REM sleep, sleep-wake cycle, learning and memory (Alzheimers)

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8
Q

Dopamine

A

catecholamines

Schizophrenia (too much)
Tourette’s (too much in caudate nucleus)
Parkinsons (not enough in substantia nivea
stimulant drugs, opiates, alcohol, nicotine

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9
Q

Norepinephrine

A

catecholamine

mood, attention, dreaming, learning, autonomic functions

low mood (catecholamine hypothesis)

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10
Q

Serotonin

A

inhibitory effect

mood, hunger, temperature, sex, arousal, sleep, aggression, migraine headache

too much: Schizophrenia, ASD, Anorexia
too little: aggression, depression, suicide, Bulimia, PTSD, OCD

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11
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory

eating, seizure, anxiety, motor, vision, sleep

too little: anxiety, (benzos enhance GABA), Huntingtons

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12
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory

learning and memory (long term memory)

too much: seizures, stroke brain damage, Huntington’s, Alzheimers, neurodegenerative disorders

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13
Q

Endorphins

A

endogenous opioids, analgesic properties

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14
Q

spinal cord

A

made of bundles of myelinated axons, dendrites, cell bodies, interneurons;

1) carries info from brain and peripheral nervous system
2) coordinates left and right side
3) simple reflexes

superior (dorsal): carry sensory (afferent messages)
inferior (ventral): transmit motor (efferent) messages

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15
Q

quadriplegia

A

damage at cervical level

loss of sensory and voluntary motor function in arms and legs

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16
Q

paraplegia

A

damage at thoracic level

loss of sensory and voluntary functioning in legs

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17
Q

hydrocephalus

A

obstruction of the flow of CSF - > build up of fluid and enlargement of ventricles

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18
Q

somatic nervous system

A

(part of peripheral NS)

sensory nerves that carry info from body’s sense receptors to the CNS and motor nerves that carry info from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

governs voluntary activities

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19
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

(part of peripheral NS)

sensory nerves and motor nerves

mostly involuntary activities

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20
Q

sympathetic branch

A

arousal and expenditure of energy

fight or flight

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21
Q

parasympathetic branch

A

conservation of energy

rest and digest

meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback - activate parasympathetic branch

22
Q

development of CNS (5 stages)

A

proliferation - embryo 2 1/2 weeks old. new cells in neural tubing

migration - 8 weeks - immature neurons go to their destination and begin to form brain structures

differentiation - develop axons and dendrites

myelination - insulating sheath (postnatally)

synaptogenesis - postnatally - influenced by genetic and experiential factors

23
Q

CT and MRI

A

structural techniques -

MRI slightly preferable

24
Q

PET and fMRI

A

functional techniques - brain activity (blood flow, glucose, metabolism, oxygen consumptio)

25
Q

Hindbrain

A

medulla and pons

cerebellum

26
Q

medulla

A

influences flow of info bt spinal cord and brain

swallowing, coughing, sneezing
vital functions: breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure

27
Q

pons

A

connects 2 halves of cerebellum

integration of movements in R and L side

28
Q

cerebellum

A

balance and posture (along with: basal ganglia and motor cortex)

timing and coordination of motor activities

shift attention

autism, schizophrenia, ADHD

29
Q

ataxia

A

damage to cerebellum

slurred speech, severe tremors, loss of balance (similar to bx in alcohol intoxication)

30
Q

mid brain

A

superior and inferior colliculi, substancea nivea, reticular formation

31
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

part of reticular formation

consciousness, arousal, wakefulness

damage disrupts sleep wake, can produce coma like state of sleep

some anesthetics work here

32
Q

Forebrain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system

33
Q

thalamus

A

“relay station” for sensory info except for olfaction

34
Q

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

A

thiamine deficiency - causes atrophy of neurons in thalamus (result of chronic alcoholism)

starts w Wernicke’s encephalopathy - mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, ataxia

35
Q

hypothalamus

A

hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temperature, movement, emotional reactions (laughter or rage)

maintains homeostasis through ANS, pituitary, and endocrine glands

36
Q

suprachiasmic nucleus

A

in hypothalamus

sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythms

seasonal affective disorder

37
Q

basal ganglia

A

3 forebrain structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and then substantia nigra (in mid brain)

planning, organizing, voluntary movement, motor actions
sensorimotor learning
stereotyped motor expressions of emo (smiling)

Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, Tourette’s, OCD, ADHD

38
Q

Limbic system

A

memory and emotion

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex

39
Q

amygdala

A

motivational and emotional activities - attaching emotions to memories, involved in recall of emotionally charged experiences

flashbulb memories

40
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

lesions in amygdala and temporal lobes of primates - reduce fear and aggression, increase docility, hyper sexuality, psychic blindness (can’t recognize meaning of events)

41
Q

hippocampus

A

less about emotions; learning and memory

spatial, visual, verbal info and consolidating declarative memories (ST to LT)

formation of visual images

42
Q

corpus callosum

A

allows info bt hemispheres

43
Q

contralateral representation

A

L hemisphere controls R side functions, etc.

olfaction is exception

44
Q

brain lateralization

A

hemispheric specialization

apparent at birth

45
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex, broca’s area, prefrontal cortex

46
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

emotion, memory, attention, self-awareness, higher-order executive functions

Schizophrenia, ADHD, dementia

dorsolateral damage - impaired judgment, insight, planning

orbitofrontal damage - pseudopsychoapthy - emotional lability, distractibility, poor impulse control, impaired social insight

mediofrontal damage - pseudo depression - impaired spontaneity, reduced emotional reactions- no vegetative symptoms, no negative conditions, no dysphoria

47
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensory cortex - pressure, temperature, pain

damage = apraxia (motor), somatosensory agnosia, anosognosia

48
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

finger agnosia, R L confusion, graphic, acalculia

49
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area

encoding, retrieval, and storage of LT declarative memories

50
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex

visual perception, recognition, and memory

prosopagnosia - face blindness

My EPPP (16 decks)

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