Clinical Psychology Flashcards
Freudian psychoanalysis is this type of theory;
human beings are determined by _____
pessimistic, deterministic, mechanistic, reductionistic
irrational forces, unconscious motivations
Freud’s structural theory
id - pleasure (birth)
ego - reality - postpone gratification (6 mo)
superego - permanently block id’s impulses (4-5 yr)
defense mechanisms
deny or distort reality
repression- underlies all other defense mechanisms- keep id’s drives from consciousness
reaction formation - avoid anxiety provoking response by expressing its opposite
projection - threatening impulse is attributed to another person
goal of psychoanalytic therapy
reduce or eliminate pathological symptoms by bringing the unconscious into consciousness
psychoanalysis includes ____ and is a combination of these 4 stages
free associations, dreams, resistances, transferences – combo of:
confrontation - see bx in a new way
clarification
interpretation
working through - final and longest stage - client assimilates new insights into personality
catharsis - emotional release resulting from recall of unconscious
brief psychodynamic therapy
Prochaska & Norcross (2003)
time limited target specific interpersonal problem interpretation early on strong working alliance positive transference > neg transference
Adler’s approach is _____ and states that behavior is motivated by:
teleological – future goals
Adler’s individual psychology (4 concepts)
inferiority feelings - develop in childhood as result of weaknesses
striving for superiority - inherent tendency toward perfect completion
style of life - the way a person compensates for inferiority determines this, which unifies aspects of personality
social interest - differentiates bt healthy and unhealthy style of life (age 4-5)
Systemic training for effective teaching (STET)
based on Adler’s approach - all behavior is goal directed and purposeful
Jung says the libido is____; behavior is determined by____
and personality consists of these 6 things
libido = general psychic energy
behavior is determined by past and future goals
personality consists of:
extraversion and introversion
thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting
Jung’s analytical psychotherapy says personality is consequence of____
conscious and unconscious
collective unconscious
repository of latent memory traces that have been passes down from one generation to the next
archetypes
in collective unconscious
primordial images- experience and understand certain phenomena in a universal way e.g.,: self- unity of personality persona - pubic mask shadow - dark side of personality anima -feminine animus - masculine
Individuation
Jung
integration of conscious and unconscious - lead to development of unique identity
dvpt of wisdom
Object Relations Theory
relationship with others is basic inborn drive
early relationships become part of the self
Melanie Klein, Ronald Fairbairn, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg
separation-individuation phase has these 4 steps and fully develops by what age?
Mahler’s theory
4-5 mo - development of object relations
differentiation
practicing
reapproachment
object constancy
taking steps toward separation through exploration
3 yo- child has permanent sense of self and object (object constancy)
person-centered therapy says people are motivated by ____ and disorganization happens when ___
Carl Rogers
client-centered and Rogerian
all people have innate “self-actualizing tendency” - major source of motivation
self becomes disorganized when experience and self are incongruent
defense mechanisms of perceptual distortion or denial
Roger’s three facilitative conditions
unconditional positive regard
genuineness
accurate empathic understanding
Gestalt therapy says each person is capable of _____ and incorporates these 5 elements
Fritz Perls
each person is capable of assuming personal responsibility for his/her thoughts, feelings, actions and living as a “whole”
1) closure
2) gestalts = current needs
3) whole > sum of parts
4) context
5) figure/ground
self and self-image
Gestalt
self = creative aspect of personality
self-image = darker side of personality that hinders growth
boundary disturbances (4 major ones)
Gestalt
abandonment of self for self image
introjection- accepts facts from envt without understanding them (compliant)
projection - disowning aspects of self; assigning to others (paranoia)
retroflection - doing to oneself what you want to do to others
confluence - no boundary between self and environment (guilt and resentment)
transference a la Gestalt
not productive
helping client recognize difference between transference fantasy and reality
Most important part of gestalt therapy—— and therapy techniques
Awareness: full understanding of thoughts, feelings, actions in here and now
empty chair, other games used- role play, guided fantasy, dream work - dreams rep diff parts of the self
Existential therapies
Frankl
emphasis on personal choice and responsibility for developing a meaningful life, satisfy needs
people are in constant state of evolving
reality therapy
Glasser
based on choice theory (control theory)- people are responsible for choices they make
successful identity/failure identity (reality therapy)
fulfills needs in responsible way
unable to satisfy needs in responsible way- underlies most psychopathology
personal construct therapy
George Kelly
how client experiences the world - ppl. choose the ways they deal with the world and there are alternative ways for doing so
client and therapist are “mutual experts”
use assessment e.g., repertory grid
fixed role therapy - experiment with alt. constructs
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) is a combo of __
Klerman and Weissman; Adolph Meyer’s psychobiological approach to psychiatric disorders, Sullivan’s interpersonal theory, Bowlby
combines psychodynamic and CBT
primary problem areas in IPT
interventions target: unresolved grief interpersonal role disputes role transitions interpersonal deficits
Solution-focused therapy
de Shazar
“you get more of what you talk about”; focus on solutions to problems rather than problem themselves
therapist posed questions - Solution focused therapy
client is “expert”
miracle question - everything is better- what does this look like?
exception question - when did you not have this problem?
scaling questions
Transtheoretical model
Prochaska & DeClemente
originally - cigarette smoking and addictive bx - now for weight, compliance, IPV, $
change entails progress through a series of predictable stages
10 empirically supported change processes: consciousness raising, self liberation, social liberation, dramatic relief, self-reevaluation, counterconditioning, environmental reevaluation, reinforcement management, stimulus control, helping/supportive relationships
six stages of change (transtheoretical model)
pre contemplation - little insight; no intention to change
contemplation - aware and intends to take action in 6 mo
preparation - take action in 1 mo
action - takes steps to change
maintenance -
termination - no risk for relapse
decisional balance
self-efficacy
temptation (transtheoretical model)
db - strength of perceived pros and cons of problem (contemplation)
se - confidence to cope with high risk situations
temptation - intensity of urges
Motivational Interviewing
Miller & Rollnick
clients who are ambivalent about changing their behavior
addiction, eating disorders, diabetes, pain
Roger’s client centered therapy and Bandura’s self efficacy
OARS
open ended questions
affirmations
reflective listening
summaries - type of reflective listening for transitions
General Systems Theory
system is an entity that is maintained by mutual interactions of its component; context is important
family = open system homeostasis = family will try to maintain status quo
Cybernetics
family communication process
negative feedback loop: reduces deviation and helps a system maintain status quo
positive feedback loop: amplifies deviation or change and disrupts the system
family therapies
Kant; reciprocal view
focus on here and now, relational, freedom of choice, contextual, relativistic
Ackerman = grandfather of fam therapy
double-bind communication
Bateson
dvpt of schizophrenia
conflicting negative injunctions “ do that - punish; don’t do that - punish”
Communication/Interaction family therapy
Don Jackson, Virginia Satir, Jules Riskin, Jay Haley
all bx = communication
all comm has “report” (content) and “command” (nonverbal; statement about communicators) function
comm patterns = symmetrical or complementary
symmetrical communications
equality bt communicators but may escalate into competitive “one upsmanship game”
complementary communications
inequality and maximize diff bt communicators (dominant and submissive)
primary goal of commnication/interaction family therapy
alter interactional patterns that are maintaining the presenting sx
Extended Family Systems therapy
Murray Bowen
functioning across extended family:
differentiation of self
emotional triangle
family projection process
differentiation (extended fam systems)
ability to separate intellectual and emo functioning
lower: more emotional (e.g., undifferentiated family ego mass = highly emotionally fused)
choose mates with similar differentiation
emotional triangle
third person brought in to 2 person dynamic to diffuse stress
low level of differentiation - greater likelihood for emo triangle
multigenerational transmission process
behavioral disorders result from this-
progressively lower levels of differentiation are transmitted from one generation to the next
genogram
used in extended family systems
depict relationship between fam members
therapist role in extended fam system
coach - achieve greater differentiation
questioning
clients talk to therapist not each other
Structural family therapy
Minuchin- work with disorganized lower SES families
here-and-now, directive, concrete approach
all families have implicit structure that determines how family will relate to one another
power hierarchies
subsystems
boundaries
