Cognitive learning theories

Question 1

Latent learning theory

Answer 1

Tolman

learning can occur without reinforcement and without being manifested in acutal performance improvement

rats form “cognitive maps” of mazes wo reinforcement

Question 2

Insight

Answer 2

Kohler

aha experience refers to sudden understanding

Question 3

Observational (social) learning:

• 4 processes
• ___ is most effective type
• ___ models are more effective than ___models

Answer 3

Bandura

learning is cognitively mediated and involves 4 processes:

1) attention
2) retention
3) production
4) motivation

*participant modeling is most effective, esp for phobic rxns

coping models more effective than mastery models

Question 4

Observational learning is affected by ____ characteristics; more likely to imitate when:

Answer 4

model

1) model has high status, prestige or expertise
2) when model’s bx is visible, salient, and relevant
3) when model has been reinforced
4) multiple models

Question 5

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Answer 5

Ellis

Cognitive restructuring

Bx is a chain of events (A-B-C)

techniques: educational, confrontative, persuasive, and dispute irrational beliefs, role play, imagery, role play, in vivo desensitization

D= therapists attempt to alter irrational beliefs
E = alternative thoughts that result 

all disorders derived from same set of irrational thoughts

Question 6

Cognitive Therapy; how is it diff from other CBT techniques

Answer 6

Beck

cognitive restructuring of dysfunctional schemas, automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions

1) CT is referred to “collaborative empiricism”
2) CT is time limited, structured, goal-oriented
3) Focus on current experiences, historical material can be used to clarify core beliefs
4) assume relevant cognitions become accessible and modifiable only with affect arousal, imagery and other techniques
5) cognitive therapists use socratic dialogue (questioning)
6) relapse prevention is focus throughout therapy

each disorder has unique cognitive profile

Question 7

Cognitive distortions per Beck:
arbitrary inference
overgeneralization
selective abstraction
personalization
polarized thinking/dichotomous thinking
emotional reasoning

Answer 7

arbitrary inference - draw conclusions without collaborative evidence

overgen- draw general conclusions on the basis of one event

selective ab- attending to detail while ignoring total context

person - erroneously attributing external events to oneself

polarized/dich-

emo rsn - beleiving things are a certain way because one feels that they are

Question 8

Self control thry

Answer 8

Rehm

brief form of CBT usually in group therapy; correspond to 3 aspets of self-control

1) self- monitoring - selectively attend to neg events
2) self-evaluation - inaccurate internal attributions
3) self-reinforcement - low rates of self reward

Question 9

Self instructional training; originally developed for ___; 5 step process

Answer 9

Meichenbaum

modify maladaptive thoughts and bx thru use of covert self statements

originally for hyperactive children

5 step process:

1) cognitive modeling- watch and make self statements
2) cognitive participant modeling - pt performs and model verbalizes instructions
3) overt self instrution - pt performs task while instructing self
4) fading overt self instruction - pt whispers
5) covert self-instruction - pt performs task while saying instructions silently

Question 10

Stress Inoculation

Answer 10

cope with stress:

1) cognitive education - understand own behavior and responses
2) skill acquisition - learn and rehearse a variety of coping skills
3) application

Question 11

Self monitoring

Answer 11

change nature of target behavior in desired direction

Question 12

stimulus control (3 types)

Answer 12

performing/not performing contingent on presence of stimuli

narrowing - restrict target bx to limited set of stimuli (eating only at meal time)

cue strengthening - (study only at 1 part of home)

fading (replace fetish object with something more appropriate)