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My EPPP > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theory

A

3 types of color receptors (cones) - receptive to a diff primary color

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2
Q

Hering’s opponent-process theory

A

3 types of bipolar receptors: red-green, yellow-blue, white-black

supported by negative afterimages

thalamus

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3
Q

depth perception

A

combination of binocular (close distance) and monocular (great distance) cues

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4
Q

retinal disparity

A

our 2 eyes see objects from 2 different views; closer the object, greater the disparity

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5
Q

synesthesia

A

joining senses; rare condition

hear a color or taste a shape
limbic system?

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6
Q

psychophysics laws

A

developed to identify absolute thresholds and difference thresholds

absolute - minimum stimulus needed to produce a sensation

difference - smallest increment in stimulus intensity needed to recognize the discrepancy between the stimuli

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7
Q

WEber’s law

A

the more intense the stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required for the increase to produce a just noticeable difference

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8
Q

Fechner’s law

A

physical stimulus changes are logarithmically related to psychological sensations; a person’s experience of stimulus intensity increases arithmetically as stimulus intensity increases geometrically

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9
Q

Steven’s Power Law

A

address extreme intensities

description of sensation as an exponential function of stimulus intensity - possible to predict that doubling the intensity of a light less than doubles the sensation of the light’s brightness; doubling intensity of electric shock more than doubles physical sensation

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10
Q

temporal lobes

A

encoding, storage, and retrieval of long-term memories
right lobe: nonverbal memory tasks
left: verbal memory

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11
Q

hippocampus

A 
consolidating LT declarative memories, but not storage
explicit memory (conscious recollection)
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12
Q

neural mechanisms

A

study of sea slug (Aplysia)

ST memory - changes at existing synapses
LT memory - increase in number of synapses and modification to structure

long-term potentiation - greater responsively of a postsynaptic neuron to low-intensity stimulation by a presynaptic neuron for hours, days, weeks after presynaptic neuron has been barraged by high-frequency stimulation

protein synthesis - LT memory depends on this in minutes or hours after learning

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13
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

expressive, motor, and confluent aphasia

speak slowly and with great difficulty
anomia (can’t name object)

frustration, anxiety, depression

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14
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

trouble understanding written and spoken language and generating meaningful language

speech is rapid, seems effortless - largely devoid of content

often unaware that speech is meaningless

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15
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

anomia, paraphasia, impaired repetition

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16
Q

Transcortical aphasia

A

caused by lesions outside broca and wernicke’s area

transcortical motor - damage isolates only broca’s area

transcortical sensory - isolates only Wernicke’s area

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17
Q

James-Lange theory

A

importance of peripheral factors: emojified represent perceptions of bodily reactions to sensory stimuli

“you are afraid because your knees are shaking”

quadriplegics - have less intense emos

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18
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

emphasis on brain mechanisms

emotional and bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously as a result of thalamic stimulation of the cortex and peripheral NS

research - bodily reactions are fairly similar for all emo

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19
Q

Two-factor theory

A

Schahter and Singer; epinephrine study

combo of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal

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20
Q

cognitive appraisal theory

A

Lazarus

emotions are universal, but there are differences in how emotion arousing events are interpreted or appraised

primary appraisal: situation as irrelevant, positive-benign, or stressful

secondary appraisal - eval of resources to cope with a situation that is stressful

re-appraisal - monitors and modifies appraisals

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21
Q

Papez’s circuit

A

neural circuit that mediates experience and expression of emotion

hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of thalamus and cingulate gyrus

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22
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

L hemisphere: happiness and positive emotions; damage: depression, anxiety
R hemisphere: sadness, fear, negative emotions; damage: indifference, apathy, lability, extra cheerfulness; dominant for recognition and expression of emotion

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23
Q

hypothalamus

A

translation of emotion into physical responses

24
Q

General adaptation syndrome (3 stages)

A

Selye

physiological reactions to stress - edited by adrenal and pituitary glands

alarm
resistance
exhaustion

25
Q

type A behavior pattern

A

highly competitive, achievement oriented, hostile, easily irritated

hostility - most associated with health problems

26
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

size of certain regions: corpus callosum, hippocampus, SCN

related to differential exposure to androgens during prenatal and early postnatal development

27
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

pubic hair, hips, breasts, etc - develop at puberty d/t increase in gonadal hormones

28
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

hypothalamus secretes chemicals that stimulate anterior pituitary gland, when then releases the gonadotropic hormones that stimulate testosterone and sperm production or ovulation and estrogen

29
Q

adult sexual behavior

A

effects of hormones are less apparent for females

in males - there is a link bt minimum threshold of testosterone and sexual interest; beyond minimum level, not a strong relationship

30
Q

Beta

A

alert, fully awake

31
Q

Alpha

A

relaxed, wakefulness (early stage 1)

32
Q

Theta

A

Stage 1-2 sleep

33
Q

Delta

A

stage 3 and 4

deep sleep “slow wave”

34
Q

REM

A 
most vivid dreams 
physiology mimics being awake:
increased heart rate and respiration 
but muscles are in paralysis 
active/paradoxical sleep

REM increases in length as night progresses

35
Q

closed v open head injury

A

closed: non penetrating blow
open: penetrating (gun shot); no loss of consciousness, symptoms more local and specific

36
Q

level of severity of head trauma

A

score on Glasgow coma scale
duration of post traumatic amnesia
duration of loss of consciousness

37
Q

post traumatic amnesia (PTA)

A

post injury anterograde amnesia - good predictor of persistence of cognitive, motor, personality and other sx caused by injury

38
Q

retrograde amnesia post TBI

A

recent memories more affected than remote

“shrinking”- most remote memories return first

39
Q

recovery from TBI

A

linked to severity of injury, age, gender, SES, pre-injury physical and mental functioning

bad outcomes linked to allele e4 on ApoE gene

greatest amount of recovery occurs in first 3 mo. and then more recovery in 1st year

40
Q

postconcussional syndrome (PCS)

A

somaticc and psychological symptoms that occur in ~50% of individuals

initially: headache, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, drowsiness
then: insomnia, fatigue, tinnitus, cognitive impairment, irritability, depression, anxiety

combo of organic and psychological factors

41
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

stroke
sudden or gradual onset of neurological symptoms resulting from disruption of blood supply to the brain

causes: 1) thrombosis (blockage by blood clot) 2) embolism (blockage by other material) 3) hemorrhage

risk factors: hypertension and atherosclerosis (thickening of artery walls), heart attack, diabetes, cigarette, older age

depression affects up to 40% immediately, sometimes months later

42
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

inherited; degenerative; combo of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms

offspring have 50% chance of developing disorder; dx bt 30-50 yo

first: emotional and cognitive sx
early motor sx: fidgeting and clumsiness, facial grimaces, “piano playing” (chorea= jerky movements)

later: “dance like” gait, athetosis (slow, writhing movements)

cognitive impairments progress to exec function

loss of GABA in basal ganglia, esp caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallid us

43
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

progressive degeneration of dopamine containing cells in substantial nigra

exposure to toxins may contribute

positive symptoms: tremor, muscle rigidity, akathisia (cruel restlessness)

neg sx: postural disturbances, speech difficulties, slow movement, akinesia (less spontaneous movement)

20% depression precedes sx; 50% depression at some point

initially alleviated by L-dopa

44
Q

seizure

A

d/t abnormal electrical activity in the brain that causes 1 or more: 1) aura that signals onset 2) loss of consciousness 3) abnormal movement

45
Q

generalized seizure

A

bilaterally symmetrical; no focal onset

tonic-clonic (grand mal) and absence

tonic-clonic: tonic = muscles contract and bod stiffens; clonic= rhythmic shaking of limbs; postictal depression or confusion

absence (petite mal)- brief attacks of loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms (thalamus)

46
Q

partial seizures

A

often begin on one side of brain and affect one side of body initially, but can spread

simple: no loss of consciousness
complex: some alterations in consciousness

temporal lobe epilepsy= most common cause of partial seizures

47
Q

hypertension

A

primary: high blood pressure is not due to a physiological cause (85-90% of cases) “silent killer”
secondary: elevated blood pressure is related to a known disease

risk factors: family hx of hypertension, obesity, smoking, salt, stress, old age
older > younger
AA > white
men> women UNLESS old and AA

48
Q

migraine headache

A

usually limited to one side of head, accompanied by nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, constipation and sensitivity to light, noise, odors
12% classic - aura
common migraine - no aura but other sx can signal

F> M
constriction and dilation of blood vessels and low serotonin

49
Q

cluster headache

A

excruciating, usually burning pain that occurs in clusters 1+ a day for 2-3 mo

usually behind one eye

50
Q

tension headache

A

non throbbing pain, usually on both sides of the head, back of the neck, or facial area; pressure or tightness

51
Q

PMS

A

30-80%
only 1.8-5.8% severe enough to meet criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder

placebos, SSRI, CBT

52
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease

speeded-up metabolism, elevated body temp, heat intolerance, increased appetite with weight loss, rapid heart rate, agitation, emo lability, fatigue, insomnia

53
Q

hypothyroidism

A

slowed metabolism, reduced appetite with weight gain, slowed heart rate, lower body temp, lethargy, depression, decreased libido, apathy, confession, impaired concentration and memory

54
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood glucose: hunger, dizziness, headaches, blurred vision, palpitations, anxiety, depression, confusion

55
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

hypoinsulinism (excessive blood glucose)

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